psichologija

Psichologija  Referatai   (12 psl., 329,75 kB)

Fresin Fries is a locally owned fast food outlet that will be positioned as an international franchise through our creative approach to the company's image and detail presentation. Fresin Fries will provide a combination of excellent food at value pricing, with fun packaging and atmosphere. Fresin Fries is the answer to an increasing demand for snack-type fast food, to be consumed while window shopping and walking around inside a shopping mall.

Administravimas  Dokumentai   (51 psl., 178,17 kB)

Objektų saugyklos Pagrindinės informacijos saugyklos yra: 1. Registrai. Jie yra procesoriaus viduje, todėl tai pats sparčiausias išrinkimo tipas. Deja, registrų skaičius labai ribotas. Jais pagal poreikius manipuliuoja tik pats kompiliatorius. 2. Stekas. Yra RAM’e (tiesioginės kreipties atmintyje). Procesorius saugo nuorodą į šį steką, ir, vaikštant “aukštyn”/”žemyn”, informacija įrašoma ir paimama. Gana greitas būdas (antras po registrų). Šiaip jau Java pačių objektų steke nesaugo, nes reikėtų nuolat perskaičiuoti objektų dydžius, perstumiant steko nuorodą „aukštyn”/„žemyn”. C++ tai galima. 3. Krūva (heap - „netvarkusis masyvas”). Yra RAM’e. Tai ir yra ta vieta, kur saugomi visi Java programos objektai. Pagrindinis privalumas tas, kad kompiliatoriui nereikia žinoti kiek kiekvienas objektas užima vietos. Su new sakiniu sukurtas objektas vykdymo metu automatiškai pateks į „krūvą”. Aišku, operacijos sulėtės. 4. Statinė atmintis. Ji taip pat yra RAM’e, tik specialiai tam skirtoje vietoje. „Krūvoje” esantys tuo momentu nebereikalingi objektai gali būti šiukšlių rinktuvo automatiškai pašalinti, o statiniai objektų elementai išlieka iki programos darbo pabaigos. Tokie elementai sukuriami naudojant atributą static. Paprastieji tipai. Vis dėlto elementariems aritmetiniems veiksmams paspartinti Java turi ir paprastų duomenų tipų (byte, int, double, ...). Tai nėra objektai, todėl jiems sukurti nereikia new sakinio. Jų įvedimo priežastis ta, kad tokiems elementariems objektams sukurti ir padėti į „krūvą” būtų sugaištama per daug laiko. Paprastųjų tipų kintamieji saugomi steke. Kiekvienam procesui Java turi atskirą steką. Nepriklausymas nuo asmeninio kompiuterio (PC) architektūros Daugumos programavimo kalbų galutinis produktas yra vykdomasis (.exe tipo) modulis, susidedantis iš konkrečių instrukcijų PC procesoriui. Tačiau Windows sistemos dažniausiai naudoja Intel firmos procesorius, Macintosh sistema naudoja Motorola arba PowerPC procesorius ir t.t. Be to, kiekviena sistema (Windows,Unix, Linux) naudoja savas papildomas bibliotekas. Todėl klasikinė schema Kodas Kompiliatorius Redaktorius vykdomasis failas (*.exe) PC turi vieną gana didelį trūkumą – vienos sistemos produktas dažnai neveikia kitoje sistemoje. Šio trūkumo neturi programa, parašyta Java kalba. Esmė ta, kad čia negeneruojamos instrukcijos procesoriui, bet programos tekstas (kodas) kompiliuojamas į specialų objektinį kodą, vadinamą baitkodu. Šį kodą toliau skaito ir vykdo Java abstrakti virtualioji mašina (JVM), kurią turi kiekviena kompiuterinė sistema. Taigi turime tokią schemą: Kodas Kompiliatorius bait-kodas JVM Java abstrakti virtualioji mašina JVM JVM – tai speciali Sun Microsystems firmos programa (bait-kodo interpretatorius), parašyta kiekvienai operacinei sistemai atskirai. Tai JRE (Java Runtime Environment). Ji itraukta į populiariausių naršyklių sudėtį (Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera), į JDK (Java Development Kit ). Ją galima įdiegti ir atskirai. JVM jau gaminama ir atskiromis mikroshemomis. Taigi ją galima įdėti ne tik į PC, bet ir į TV stotis, o ateityje ir į buitinius prietaisus. Daugiaprocesė Programa tuo pat metu gali vykdyti keletą procesų (thread). Daugiaprocesiškumas yra organizuotas objektų lygmeniu – kiekvienas procesas yra atskiras objektas. Panaudojant synchronized modifikatorių resursai „užrakinami” (būtų blogai, jei keli procesai vienu metu rašytų informaciją į tą patį failą). Programų saugumas Saugumas užtikrinamas keliais lygiais. Tai ypač svarbu apletams (specialaus tipo taikomoji programa), nes jie plačiai naudojami interneto puslapiuose. Tam yra net speciali klasė java.lang.SecurityManager su eile metodų. Programinis lygis: - kadangi nėra adresų aritmetikos, tai neįmanoma programiškai sugadinti atminties; - neįmanoma perpildyti masyvo; - negalima ne tik rašyti, bet ir skaityti informacijos už masyvo ir eilutės ribų (todėl Java kalboje eilutė String nemodifikuojama). Baitkodo tikrintojas patikrina: - ar neperpildytas stekas; - ar su objektais neatliekamos draudžiamos operacijos; - ar tinkamai naudojami registrai; - ar teisingai keičiami kintamųjų tipai. „Smėlio dėžės” principas apletui: „įtartina” (neturinti skaitmeninio parašo) programa kaip vaikas įkeliama į smėlio dėžę ir negali : - skaityti/rašyti failo iš/į jūsų (kliento) PC; - išmesti, pervardyti, kurti naujų failų ir t.t. kliento PC. Vykdant apletą ne per tinklą, bet vietinėje failų sistemoje, didesnė dalis šių apribojimų netaikoma. Dar didesnes teises turi apletų paleidimo programa appletviewer.exe. Situacijų valdymas (exception) Nepageidautina situacija (klaida) – tai Java objektas, kuris sužadinamas klaidos vietoje ir vėliau gali būti „pagautas” ir apdorotas programoje. Taigi susidarius nepageidaujamai situacijai, pavyzdžiui, kai indeksas yra už masyvo ribų, galima ją „sugauti”, apdoroti ir tolesnius veiksmus jau nukreipti norima linkme. Tai nėra tas pats kaip tokių situacijų „gaudymas” naudojantis grąžinamomis reikšmėmis ar papildomais požymiais-kintamaisiais, kai galima tiesiog patingėti tai atlikti (arba blogai atlikti). Privalumas tas, kad kai kurių situacijų Java praleisti neleis – jas privalu kažkur apdoroti. Objektinis programavimas Java kalba Dar pačiai pirmajai objektinio programavimo kalbai Smalltalk Alan Kay suformulavo šiuos penkis objektinio programavimo (OP) principus: 1. Viskas yra objektas. Objektas ir saugo duomenis, ir atlieka operacijas su jais (duomenų ir metodų sujungimas į visumą). 2. Programa – tai grupė objektų, bendraujančių per pranešimus (pranešimu galima laikyti ir objekto metodo iškvietimą). 3. Kiekvienas objektas turi savąją atmintį, susidedančią iš kitų objektų (kompozicija - objekto viduje naudojami prieš tai sukurti objektai). 4. Kiekvienas objektas yra kurio nors tipo (klasės). 5. Tam tikros grupės objektai gali priimti tuos pačius pranešimus (paveldėjimas). Pabandykime perfrazuoti šiuos OP principus Java kalbos požiūriu. Duomenų ir metodų sujungimas į visumą (encapsulation) Duomenų ir jų apdorojimo metodų sujungimas į visumą Java kalboje atliekamas naudojant klasę. Taigi klasė yra tipas arba objekto šablonas, kurį sudaro duomenys ir metodai. Objektas jau yra realus klasės egzempliorius kompiuterio atmintyje. Objekto modelį galime pavaizduoti kaip kapsulę: Taigi sudarius A klasę, joks realus objektas atmintyje dar nesukuriamas: class A { // klasės turinys } Objekto dar nėra ir paskelbus A klasės tipo kintamąjį x: A x; Objektas gali būt sukurtas ir sakiniu new: x = new A(); //Objektas sukurtas! // arba iš karto: A x = new A(); Taigi objektas sukuriamas dinamiškai programos vykdymo metu sakiniu new: KlasėsVardas objektoVardas = new KlasėsVardas(); Arba dviem etapais : KlasėsVardas objektoVardas; ObjektoVardas = new KlasėsVardas(); Klasei galima sukurti neribotą skaičių objektų. Grižkime prie kapsulės. Jis turi būti uždaras. Pirma, tai užtikrina duomenų apsaugą, nes vartotojas gali atlikti su duomenimis tik tas operacijas, kurias jam leidžia tam skirti metodai. Antra, programuotojas-vartotojas gali rašyti programas „aukštesniu” lygiu, t.y. jis visiškai pasitiki esamais metodais ir jam nebereikia leistis į smulkmenas ir jų tikrinti. Ir trečia, programų (metodų) pakeitimai ir atnaujinimai programuotojui-vartotojui visai neturi reikšmės. Paveldėjimas (inheritance) ir kompozicija Tai klasės sugebėjimas paveldėti protėvių klasės duomenis ir metodus. Literatūroje vartojama daug skirtingų terminų. Pagrindinė klasė vadinama paveldimąja klase, superklase, protėvių klase, bazine arbs tėvo klase. Analogiškai naujoji klasė vadinama paveldinčiąja klase, subklase, palikuonių klase, išvestine arba vaiko klase. Mes vartosime terminus tėvo klasė ir vaiko klasė. Taigi vaiko klasė paveldi visus matomus (ne private tipo) tėvo klasės metodus ir kintamuosius. Visos Java klasės yra kilusios iš java.lang.Object klasės ir automatiškai palaiko visus jos metodus. Java neturi daugialypio paveldėjimo (netiesiogiai tai galima išspręsti naudojant interfeisus). Nereikia painioti sąvokų „kompozicija” ir „paveldėjimas”. Kompozicija – tai kitos klasės objekto panaudojimas naujai projektuojamoje klasėje. Kompozicija naudojama tada, kai kuriama nauja klasė tiesiog naudoja kitos klasės metodus. Paveldėjimas naudojamas tada, kai nauja klasė naudoja kitos klasės struktūra (interfeisą). Plačiau apie paveldėjimą aprašoma ketvirtame skyriuje. Polimorfizmas (polymorphism) Galime skirti dvi polimorfizmo rūšis. Tai metodų perkrova ir metodų užklotis. Metodų perkrova (overloading). Klasėje naudojama keletas metodų tuo pačiu vardu. Būtina sąlyga – metodai turi skirtis savo antraštėmis (parametrų skaičiumi arba parametrų tipais). Grąžinamos reikšmės tipas čia įtakos neturi. Metodo pasirinkimą nusako jo iškvietimo formatas. Tai atliekama jau kompiliavimo metu (tai dar vadinama „ankstyvuoju susiejimu”). Plačiau apie metodų perkrovą rašoma 3.5. skyrelyje „Metodų perkrova”. Metodų užklotis (overriding). Tėvo ir vaiko klasės turi vienodus metodus. Būtinos sąlygos: turi sutapti ne tik šių metodų vardai, bet ir jų antraštes bei grąžinamų reikšmių tipai. Taigi vaiko klasės metodas gali pakeisti (užkloti) tėvo klasės metodą. Metodo pasirinkimą lemia objekto, kuriam šis metodas kviečiamas, tipas (jei objektas yra tėvo klasės tipo, tai bus kviečiamas jos metodas, priešingu atveju – vaiko). Metodas parenkamas vykdymo metu (tai dar vadinama „susiejimu vykdant”). Plačiau apie metodų užklotį rašoma 4.2. skyrelyje “Metodų užklotis”. 1.3. Trys Java programų tipai Pirmas. Taikomoji programa (application) su komandų eilutės sąsaja Tai pats paprasčiausias ir kartu nevaizdžiausias programos tipas. Programa paleidžiama main metodu. Taigi bent viena programos klasė privalo turėti main metodą. Šiaip jau kiekviena klasė gali turėti po vieną main metodą (tai patogu testuojant klases), tačiau vienu metu galima naudoti tiktai vieną main metodą. Pasibaigus visiems main metodo sakiniams, programa baigia darbą. Parašykime tradicinę pirmąją Java programėlę, kuri juodame Command Prompt (arba FAR Manager) lange išveda tekstą „Labas, Java”. ETAPAI: 1. Bet kuriuo redaktoriumi (kad ir NotePad) parašome pirmosios programos tekstą (visi Java kalbos žodžiai pajuodinti): // Pirmoji Java programa public class Labas { public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("Labas, Java"); } } ir įrašome į diską vardu „KlasėsVardas.java” (šiuo atveju vardu „Labas.java”). 2. Kviečiame kompiliatorių javac.exe, kuris patikrina programos sintaksę, perkoduoja jos tekstą į bait-kodą ir įrašo jį į diską vardu „KlasėsVardas.class” (šiuo atveju vardu „Labas.class”): >javac Labas.java P.S. Jei jūsų kompiuteryje nėra nustatyto kelio į katalogą, kur yra kompiliatorius javac.exe, tai reikia nurodyti visą kelią iki jo. Pvz.: >D:\jdk1.3\bin\javac Labas.java Jei nėra klaidų, tai kompiliatorius paprastai jokių pranešimų ir neišveda. Taip po kompiliacijos atrodo Far Manager langas (šiuo atveju failas Labas.java įrašytas į katalogą D:\Java\Pavyzdziai\labas): 3. Kviečiama JVM java.exe vykdyti programą (failo tipas class nenurodomas): >java Labas Naudojant vizualias aplinkas (JBuilder, Visual Studio J++, VisualCafe ar kitas), vykdymo scenarijus keičiasi. Antras. Taikomoji programa su vartotojo sąsaja Programa čia taip pat paleidžiama main metodu. Tačiau paleidimo tikslas dažniausiai yra tik vienas – sukurti vartotojo sąsajos langą ir perduoti jam visą valdymą. Toliau jau sąsajos elementais (meniu, mygtukais, teksto laukais ir t.t.) atliekami norimi veiksmai ir programa veiks tol, kol uždarysime šios sąsajos langą. Vėlgi parašykime tą pačią programą, išvedančią tekstą „Labas, Java”. Programos rašymo ir paleidimo scenarijus visiškai toks pat kaip ir pirmojo tipo programos. Tiesa, programos tekstas atrodys truputėlį kitoks: // Pirmoji Java programa su vartotojo sąsaja. import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.*; public class LabasSuSasaja extends JFrame { public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawString("Labas, Java", 50, 60); } public static void main(String[] args) { LabasSuSasaja langas = new LabasSuSasaja(); langas.setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); langas.setSize(200, 100); langas.setTitle("Programa su sasaja"); langas.setVisible(true); } } Vėl kompiliuojame ir vykdome programą: >D:\jdk1.3\bin\javac LabasSuSasaja.java >java LabasSuSasaja Tačiau dabar ekrane pamatysime tokį vaizdą: Trečias. Apletas (applet) Šio tipo taikomąją programą turi tiktai Java. Apletas – tai programa, klaidžiojanti internete ir vykdoma „kliento” kompiuteryje. Ji nenaudoja main metodo. Tačiau kaip ir taikomojoje programoje su vartotojo sąsaja, apleto vykdymas paremtas įvykių apdorojimu. Naršyklė pati rūpinasi apleto veikimu: stabdo jį pereinant į kitą langą, perpiešia keičiant lango dydį ir t.t. Parašykime tą pačią tradicinę programą, bet jau kaip apletą. ETAPAI: 1. Naudodamiesi bet kuriuo redaktoriumi parašome programos-apleto tekstą: // Pirmasis Java apletas import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; public class LabasApletas extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawString("Labas, Java", 50, 60); } } ir įrašome į diską vardu „LabasApletas.java”. 2. Šis etapas analogiškas - kviečiame kompiliatorių javac, ir šis gautą baitkodą įrašo į diską vardu „LabasApletas.class”: >javac LabasApletas.java 3. Tačiau jis vykdomas visiškai kitaip negu taikomoji programa. Apletas vykdomas naršykle (galima ir su appletviewer.exe), todėl bet kuriuo redaktoriumi sukuriamas nedidelis HTML failas. Šį failą bet kuriuo vardu įrašome ten pat, kur yra mūsų gautas LabasApletas.class failas: <HTML> <applet CODE = "LabasApletas.class" width = 200 height = 100> </applet> </HTML> P.S. a) Kabutės nebūtinos; b) CODE = „tik paprastas failo vardas, be kelio!”; c) Norint nurodyti kelią, naudojamas CODEBASE = URL. 4. Atidarome šį HTML failą bet kuria naršykle (Explorer, Netscape ar Opera) arba pasinaudojame SDK sudėtyje esančia appletviewer programa (appletviewer xxx.html). Prisiminkime, jog naršyklė savo viduje turi JVM, todėl ji pati ir vykdo šį apletą: Kai kurios vizualios aplinkos HTML failą generuoja automatiškai. Naudojant aplete Swing elementus (pirmųjų sąsajų elementai buvo vadinami AWT), anksčiau minėtos struktūros HTML failas kai kurioms naršyklėms nebetinka (appletviewer niekas nepasikeitė). Esmė ta, kad Java 2 versijos nuorodos applet html faile buvo atsisakyta. Apletai dabar paleidžiami naršyklių papildymo programomis Java Plug-in.

Informatika  Konspektai   (83,34 kB)

Tiger Tigers (Panthera tigris) are mammals of the Felidae family and one of four "big cats" in the Panthera genus. They are apex predators and the largest feline species in the world, comparable in size to the biggest fossil felids. The Bengal Tiger is the most common subspecies of tiger, constituting approximately 80% of the entire tiger population, and is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, and India. An endangered species, the majority of the world's tigers now live in captivity. Physical traits Tigers are the heaviest cats found in the wild. Although different subspecies of tiger have different characteristics, in general male tigers weigh between 200 and 320 kilograms (440 and 700 lb) and females between 120 and 181 kg (265 and 400 lb). On average, males are between 2.6 and 3.3 metres (8 ft 6 in to 10 ft 8 in) in length, and females are between 2.3 and 2.75 metres (7 ft 6 in and 9 ft) in length. Of the living subspecies, Sumatran tigers are the smallest, and Amur (or Siberian) tigers are the largest. Most tigers have orange coats, a fair (whitish) medial and ventral area and stripes that vary from brown or hay to pure black. The form and density of stripes differs between subspecies, but most tigers have in excess of 100 stripes. The now-extinct Javan tiger may have had far more than this. The pattern of stripes is unique to each animal, and thus could potentially be used to identify individuals, much in the same way as fingerprints are used to identify people. This is not, however, a preferred method of identification, due to the difficulty of recording the stripe pattern of a wild tiger. It seems likely that the function of stripes is camouflage, serving to hide these animals from their prey. The stripe pattern is found on a tiger's skin and if shaved, its distinctive camouflage pattern would be preserved. Like most cats, tigers are believed to have some degree of colour vision. There is a well-known mutation that produces the white tiger, an animal which is rare in the wild, but widely bred in zoos due to its popularity. The white tiger is not a separate sub-species, but only a colour variation. There are also unconfirmed reports of a "blue" or slate-coloured tiger, and largely or totally black tigers, and these are assumed, if real, to be intermittent mutations rather than distinct species. Similar to the lion, the tiger has the ability to roar. Tigers' extremely strong jaws and sharp teeth make them superb predators. Most tigers live in forests or grasslands, for which their camouflage is ideally suited, and where it is easy to hunt prey that are faster or more agile. Among the big cats, only the tiger and jaguar are strong swimmers; tigers are often found bathing in ponds, lakes, and rivers and are known to kill while swimming. Tigers hunt alone and eat primarily medium to large sized herbivores such as sambar deer, but they also have the capability to eat much smaller prey such as birds, and other such things, wild pigs, young gaur, water buffalo and domestic cattle. They also kill such formidable predators as sloth bear, dogs, leopards, crocodiles and pythons as prey, and occasionally prey on creatures as small as langurs, peacocks and hares. Old and injured tigers have been known to attack humans or domestic cattle and are then termed as man-eaters or cattle-lifters which often leads to them being captured, shot or poisoned. Adult elephants are too dangerous to tigers to serve as common prey, but conflicts between elephants and tigers do sometimes take place. Tigers often ambush their prey as other cats do, overpowering their prey from any angle, using their body size and strength to knock prey off balance. Even with great masses, Tigers can reach speeds of about 60 km/h (37 mph). Once prone, the tiger bites the back of the neck, often breaking the prey's spinal cord, piercing the windpipe, or severing the jugular vein or carotid artery. Tigers prefer to bite the throats of large prey. After biting, the tiger then uses its muscled forelimbs to hold onto the prey, bringing it to the ground. The tiger remains latched onto the neck until its prey dies. The Sundarbans mangrove swamps of Bengal have had a higher incidence of man-eaters, where some healthy tigers have been known to hunt humans as prey. In the wild, tigers can leap as high as 5 m (16 ft) and as far as 9-10 m (30-33 ft), making them one of the highest-jumping mammals (just slightly behind cougars in jumping ability). They have been reported to carry domestic livestock weighing 50 kg (110 lb) while easily jumping over fences 2 m (6 ft 6 in) high. Their heavily muscled forelimbs are used to hold tightly onto the prey and to avoid being dislodged, especially by large prey such as gaurs. Gaurs and water buffalo weighing over a ton have been killed by tigers weighing about a sixth as much. A single blow from a tiger's paw can kill a full-grown wolf or human, or can heavily injure a 150 kg (330 lb) Sambar deer.

Anglų kalba  Referatai   (285,79 kB)

'I never saw a dog with a highfalutin' name that ever was worth a rap,' he said, as he concluded his task and shoved her aside. 'They just fade away and die under the responsibility. Did ye ever see one go wrong with a sensible name like Cassiar, Siwash, or Husky? No, sir! Take a look at Shookum here, he's Snap! The lean brute flashed up, the white teeth just missing Mason's throat. 'Ye will, will ye?' A shrewd clout behind the ear with the butt of the dog whip stretched the animal in the snow, quivering softly, a yellow slaver dripping from its fangs. 'As I was saying, just look at Shookum here- he's got the spirit. Bet ye he eats Carmen before the week's out.' 'I'll bank another proposition against that,' replied Malemute Kid, reversing the frozen bread placed before the fire to thaw. 'We'll eat Shookum before the trip is over. What d'ye say, Ruth?' The Indian woman settled the coffee with a piece of ice, glanced from Malemute Kid to her husband, then at the dogs, but vouchsafed no reply. It was such a palpable truism that none was necessary. Two hundred miles of unbroken trail in prospect, with a scant six days' grub for themselves and none for the dogs, could admit no other alternative. The two men and the woman grouped about the fire and began their meager meal. The dogs lay in their harnesses for it was a midday halt, and watched each mouthful enviously. 'No more lunches after today,' said Malemute Kid. 'And we've got to keep a close eye on the dogs- they're getting vicious. They'd just as soon pull a fellow down as not, if they get a chance.' 'And I was president of an Epworth once, and taught in the Sunday school.' Having irrelevantly delivered himself of this, Mason fell into a dreamy contemplation of his steaming moccasins, but was aroused by Ruth filling his cup. 'Thank God, we've got slathers of tea! I've seen it growing, down in Tennessee. What wouldn't I give for a hot corn pone just now! Never mind, Ruth; you won't starve much longer, nor wear moccasins either.' The woman threw off her gloom at this, and in her eyes welled up a great love for her white lord- the first white man she had ever seen- the first man whom she had known to treat a woman as something better than a mere animal or beast of burden. 'Yes, Ruth,' continued her husband, having recourse to the macaronic jargon in which it was alone possible for them to understand each other; 'wait till we clean up and pull for the Outside. We'll take the White Man's canoe and go to the Salt Water. Yes, bad water, rough water- great mountains dance up and down all the time. And so big, so far, so far away- you travel ten sleep, twenty sleep, forty sleep'- he graphically enumerated the days on his fingers- 'all the time water, bad water. Then you come to great village, plenty people, just the same mosquitoes next summer. Wigwams oh, so high- ten, twenty pines. Hi-yu skookum!'

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (140,32 kB)

"What do you say, dear?" said my wife, looking across at me. "Will you go?" "I really don't know what to say. I have a fairly long list at present." "Oh, Anstruther would do your work for you. You have been looking a little pale lately. I think that the change would do you good, and you are always so interested in Mr. Sherlock Holmes's cases." "I should be ungrateful if I were not, seeing what I gained through one of them," I answered. "But if I am to go, I must pack at once, for I have only half an hour." My experience of camp life in Afghanistan had at least had the effect of making me a prompt and ready traveller. My wants were few and simple, so that in less than the time stated I was in a cab with my valise, rattling away to Paddington Station. Sherlock Holmes was pacing up and down the platform, his tall, gaunt figure made even gaunter and taller by his long gray travelling-cloak and close fitting cloth cap. "It is really very good of you to come, Watson," said he. "It makes a considerable difference to me, having someone with me on whom I can thoroughly rely. Local aid is always either worthless or else biassed. If you will keep the two corner seats I shall get the tickets." We had the carriage to ourselves save for an immense litter of papers which Holmes had brought with him. Among these he rummaged and read, with intervals of note-taking and of meditation, until we were past Reading. Then he suddenly rolled them all into a gigantic ball and tossed them up onto the rack. "Have you heard anything of the case?" he asked. "Not a word. I have not seen a paper for some days." "The London press has not had very full accounts. I have just been looking through all the recent papers in order to master the particulars. It seems, from what I gather, to be one of those simple cases which are so extremely difficult." "That sounds a little paradoxical." "But it is profoundly true. Singularity is almost invariably a clue. The more featureless and commonplace a crime is, the more difficult it is to bring it home. In this case, however, they have established a very serious case against the son of the murdered man." "It is a murder, then?" "Well, it is conjectured to be so. I shall take nothing for granted until I have the opportunity of looking personally into it. I will explain the state of things to you, as far as I have been able to understand it, in a very few words. "Boscombe Valley is a country district not very far from Ross, in Herefordshire. The largest landed proprietor in that part is a Mr. John Turner, who made his money in Australia and returned some years ago to the old country. One of the farms which he held, that of Hatherley, was let to Mr. Charles McCarthy, who was also an ex-Australian. The men had known each other in the colonies, so that it was not unnatural that when they came to settle down they should do so as near each other as possible. Turner was apparently the richer man, so McCarthy became his tenant but still remained, it seems, upon terms of perfect equality, as they were frequently together. McCarthy had one son, a lad of eighteen, and Turner had an only daughter of the same age, but neither of them had wives living. They appear to have avoided the society of the neighbouring English families and to have led retired lives, though both the McCarthys were fond of sport and were frequently seen at the race-meetings of the neighbourhood. McCarthy kept two servants-a man and a girl. Turner had a considerable household, some half-dozen at the least. That is as much as I have been able to gather about the families. Now for the facts. "On June 3rd, that is, on Monday last McCarthy left his house at Hatherley about three in the afternoon and walked down to the Boscombe Pool, which is a small lake formed by the spreading out of the stream which runs down the Boscombe Valley. He had been out with his serving-man in the morning at Ross, and he had told the man that he must hurry, as he had an appointment of importance to keep at three. From that appointment he never came back alive. "From Hatherley Farmhouse to the Boscombe Pool is a quarter of a mile, and two people saw him as he passed over this ground. One was an old woman, whose name is not mentioned, and the other was William Crowder, a game-keeper in the employ of Mr. Turner. Both these witnesses depose that Mr. McCarthy was walking alone. The game-keeper adds that within a few minutes of his seeing Mr. McCarthy pass he had seen his son, Mr. James McCarthy, going the same way with a gun under his arm. To the best of his belief, the father was actually in sight at the time, and the son was following him. He thought no more of the matter until he heard in the evening of the tragedy that had occurred. "The two McCarthys were seen after the time when William Crowder, the game-keeper, lost sight of them. The Boscombe Pool is thickly wooded round, with just a fringe of grass and of reeds round the edge. A girl of fourteen, Patience Moran, who is the daughter of the lodge-keeper of the Boscombe Valley estate, was in one of the woods picking flowers. She states that while she was there she saw, at the border of the wood and close by the lake, Mr. McCarthy and his son, and that they appeared to be having a violent quarrel. She heard Mr. McCarthy the elder using very strong language to his son, and she saw the latter raise up his hand as if to strike his father. She was so frightened by their violence that she ran away and told her mother when she reached home that she had left the two McCarthys quarrelling near Boscombe Pool, and that she was afraid that they were going to fight. She had hardly said the words when young Mr. McCarthy came running up to the lodge to say that he had found his father dead in the wood, and to ask for the help of the lodge-keeper. He was much excited, without either his gun or his hat, and his right hand and sleeve were observed to be stained with fresh blood. On following him they found the dead body stretched out upon the grass beside the pool. The head had been beaten in by repeated blows of some heavy and blunt weapon. The injuries were such as might very well have been inflicted by the butt-end of his son's gun, which was found lying on the grass within a few paces of the body. Under these circumstances the young man was instantly arrested, and a verdict of 'wilful murder' having been returned at the inquest on Tuesday, he was on Wednesday brought before the magistrates at Ross, who have referred the case to the next Assizes. Those are the main facts of the case as they came out before the coroner and the police-court." "I could hardly imagine a more damning case," I remarked. "If ever circumstantial evidence pointed to a criminal it does so here."

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (34,84 kB)

Good morning, today I`m going to speak about ‘Mass media’. To start with, the mass media play an important part in our lives. Newspapers, radio and especially TV inform us of what is going on in this world and give us wonderful possibilities for education and entertainment. They also influence the way we see the world and shape our views. Of course, not all newspapers and TV programmes report the events objectively but serious journalists and TV reporters try to be fair and provide us with reliable information. It is true that the world today is full of dramatic events and most news seems to be bad news. But people aren't interested in ordinary events. That is why there are so many programmes and articles about natural disasters, plane crashes, wars, murders and robberies. Good news doesn't usually make headlines. Bad news does. To my mind say that journalists are given too much freedom. They often intrude on people's private lives. They follow celebrities and print sensational stories about them which are untrue or half-true. They take photos of them in their most intimate moments. The question is — should this be allowed? The main source of news for millions of people is television. People like TV news because they can see everything with their own eyes. And that's an important advantage. Seeing, as we know, is believing. Besides, it's much more difficult for politicians to lie in front of the cameras than on the pages of newspapers. As far as can see, many people prefer the radio. It's good to listen to in the car, or in the open air, or when you do something about the house. In addition, other scours of information are newspapers. The best known are `Lietuvos rytas` and citizens  of Kaunas read `Kauno diena`. These concern themselves, as far as possible, with factual reports of major national and international news stories, with the world of politics and business and with the arts and sport. Newspapers don't react to events as quickly as TV, but they usually provide us with extra detail, comment and background information. The Internet has recently become another important source of information. It is believed that in the year of 2010 there will be at least 500 million people on the system enjoying virtual reality. It means that more and more people use Internet for searching the news instead of reading newspapers or watching news on Tv. Its main advantage is that news appears on the screen as soon as things happen in real life and you don't have to wait for news time on TV. Thanks to Internet now news are easy of access. To sum up, mass media reach very large numbers of people. For this reason it plays a significant role in our lives. More than even before, mass media offers us a window to the world and it depends only on you which scours of information to choose.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (5,11 kB)

The main part of London is city. It's the places where London started. Now it's business centre. Few people can afford living in this part of the town - it's very expensive, so most people come there to do their job and leave this region in the evening. Westminster -- it's the central part of the town. Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, National Galleries are situated there. There are many government offices. In one tower of House of Parliament is Big Ben -- the main clock of Great Britain. Just across the street is Westminster Abbey -- main Church of England. New monarch is crowned there, wedding ceremonies of the Royal family take place there. It is also famous for its poets' corner - many famous people are buried there. Not far you can see Trafalgar square with Admiral Nelson's statue. Under his leadership English fleet defeated united Spanish and French forces. Another interesting place is Buckingham Palace. If the Queen is in, you can watch changing guards. West end is the residential part. It's the richest part of London. Not far from there Hyde Park is situated with famous speakers’ corner. East part is the poorest part of London. It is industrial region, so air is polluted; a lot of slums are there. The tower of London is famous for tower and Tower Bridge. Tower is museum now, but it used to be a fortress, state prison, the mint, and treasury. The tower of the bridge in middle ages was used like place of execution. There is one more place of interest - British Museum.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,52 kB)

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINOUS PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINOUS SUDARYMAS Veiksmažodžio 1 forma Veiksmažodžio be forma ir veiksmažodis su galūne -ing Veiksmažodžio 2 forma arba veiksmažodis su –ed galūne Was/Were ir veiksmažodis su galūne -ing Pvz. Teigiamam sakiny; I play; You play; He plays; I am playing; You are playing; He is playing; I/You/he/etc walked I was studying; You were studying; He was studying. Neigiamam sakiny; I/You don‘t play; he doesn‘t play I am not playing; You are not playing; He is not playing; I/You/he/etc did not walk I wasn‘t studying; You weren‘t studying; He wasn‘t studying. Klausime; Do I/You play? Does he play? Am I playing? Are You playing? Is he playing? Did I/You/he/etc walk? Was I studying? Were you studying? Was he studying? NAUDOJIMAS • Kasdienei rutinai; (I catch the bus to work at 7 o‘clock every day ) • Pasikartojantiems veiksmams (he cleans the house every week ) • Įpročiams, pomėgiams (She usually stays at home on Sundays) • Pastoviai būsenai (He works in a bank) • Dieneotvarkei, tvarkaraščiams (The train leaves at 7 o‘clock) • Bendros, neginčijamos tiesos, gamtos dėsniai (water boils to 100C degrees) • Sporto, knygos komentarams, peržiūrai, pasakojimui. • Veiksmui, kuris vyksta dabar, tuo metu kai kalbama. (She is talking on the phone now) • Veiksmui, kuris vyksta šiomis dienomis (Peter is staying at his friend‘s these days) • Netolimoje ateityje suplanuotiems veiksmams; (I am flying to Paris tomorrow) • Situacijoms, kurios nėra pastovios ir keičiasi; (The climate is becoming warmer and warmer) • Per dažnai pasikartojantiems veiksmams, kurie erzina. Su žodeliais allways, constantly, continuously. (She is always talking in the lessons) • Veiksmui, kuris vyko nustatytu laiku praeityje. (Bob bought a car last month) • Veiksmams, kurie įvyko vienas po kito praeityje. (First he took a shower and then he went to bed.) • Praeities įpročiams Tam galima naudoti ir used to. (My grandmother read/used to read me bedtime stories when I was little) • Veiksmui, kuris vyko žinomu laiku praeityje. Mes nežinome kada jis prasidėjo ir kada baigėsi. (At eight o‘clock yesterday evening Tom and Mark were doing their homework) • Praeities veiksmui, kuris vyko kai kitas veiksmas jį pertraukė. Veiksmui, kuris vyko naudojame Past Continous, o veiksmui, kuris pertraukė- Past Simple. (He was exercising when he felt a sharp pain in his lower back) • Dviems ar daugiau veiksmų, kurie vyko tuo pačiu metu praeityje. (sarah was watching TV while I was reading a novel) • Suteikti pasakojimui „foną“, prieš aprašant pagrindinius faktus. (The band was playing and the people were singing and dancing when we arrived in the concert.) ŽODELIAI Every; at noon; at night; always; usually; often; sometimes; seldom; never. Now; at the moment; at present; these days; tomorrow; today; tonight; etc. Yesterday; yesterday morning/evening/etc. last; ago, in 1984. While; when; as; all day/night/morning; all day yesterday; etc. PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS SUDARYMAS Have ir veiksmažodžio 3 forma arba veiksmažodis su galūne -ed Have/has been ir veiksmažodis su galūne -ing Had ir veiksmažodžio 3 forma, arba veiksmažodis su –ed galūne. Had been ir veiksmažodis su –ing galūne. Pvz. Teigiamam sakiny; I/you have booked; He has booked; I/You have been cycling; He has been cycling. I/You/had started I/You/he had been listening. Neigiamam sakiny; I/you haven‘t booked; He hasn‘t book. I/You haven‘t been cycling; He hasn‘t been cycling. I/You/he hadn‘t started I/You/he hadn‘t been listening. Klausime; Have I/you booked? Has he booked? Have I/You been cycling? Has he been cycling? Etc. Had I/You/he started? Had I/You/he been listening? NAUDOJIMAS • Veiksmams, kurie prasidėjo praeityje, ir tęsiasi dabar. (I have been techer for five years) • Praeities veiksmams, kurių rezultatus matome dabartyje.(He has washed his car) • Veiksmams, kurie įvyko praeityje, nenustatytu laiku. Veiksmas yra svarbesnis už laiką. (she has sold her house) • Petyrimams (have you ever slept in a tent?) • Veiksmams, kurie vyko tam tikru laiko periodu ir šis periodas dar nėra pasibaigęs tuo metu kai kalbama. (He has visited three museumsthis morning. Morning is not over yet.) • Veiksmams, kurie prasidėjo, kurįlaiką tęsėsi ir baigėsi praeityje. Rezultatas matomas dabartyje. (They have been sunbathing) • Veiksmams, kurie prasidėjo praeityje ir tęsiasi dar ir šiuo metu. (She has been cooking for two hours.) • Išreikšti pasipiktinimui, susierzinimui (Who has been using my computer?) • Veiksmui, kuris įvyko prieš kitą veiksmą praeityje. (She had painted the room by 5 o‘clock. (She finished painting before 5 o‘clock)) • Veiksmui, kuris įvyko prieš kitą būtąjį laiką. (She had booked a hotel before she arrived in Paris) • Veiksmui, kuris prasidėjo ir pasibaigė praeityje, ir rezultatas buvo matomas praeityje. (He had broken his arm, so he couldn‘t write) • Pabrėžti tąsą veiksmo, kuris prasidėjo ir pasibaigė praeityje.(She had been playing tennisfor ten years by the time she was eighteen.) • Pabrėžti tąsą veiksmo, kuris pasibaigė prieš kitą praeities veiksmą. (He had been studying for seven years before he got his degree.) • Veiksmui, kuris kurį laiką tęsėsi praeityje, ir jo rezultatas buvo matomas praeityje. (She was tired because she had been cleaning the house all day.) ŽODELIAI Ever, never, already, yet, just, so far, for, since, recently, lately, before. Ever, never, already yet, just, so far, for, since, recently, lately, before. Before; after; already;just; till/untill; when;by...; by the time; never; etc. For; since; how long; before; until; etc. FUTURE SIMPLE FUTURE CONTINOUS FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS BE GOING TO SUDARYMAS Will ir bendratis (be to) Will be (am, is, are) ir veiksmažodis su –ing galūne. Will have ir veiksmažodžio 3 forma arba veiksmažodis su –ed galūne. Will have been ir veiksmažodžio 3 forma arba veiksmažodis su galūne –ed. Be going to NAUDOJIMAS • Ateities spėjimams, kai remiamės tuo, ką manome ar ko tikimės. (I believe Bill will get a job) • „Greitiems sprendimams“. (We‘ve run out of milk. I will go to the supermarket and get some.) • Pažadams, grąsinimams, įspėjimams, reikalavimams, viltims, pasiūlimams. • Veiksmams, atsitikimams, situacijoms, kurios būtinai įvyks ateityje, ir kurių negalima kontroliuoti. (Ben will be five years old in August.) • Veiksmams, kurie vyks nustatytu laiku ateityje. (I am going to Spain. This time next week I will be lying in the sun.) • Veiksmams, kurie tikrai įvyks ateityje kaip rezultatas kokios nors rutinos arba pasirengimų. • Kai klausiama mandagiai apie netolimos ateities planus, dažniausiai siekiant sau naudos. (Will you be driving to the party tonight? Would you be able to give me a lift?) • Veiksmui, kuris bus pasibaigęs iki tam tikro ateities momento. (They will have arrived in London by 5 o‘clock) • Pabrėžti tąsą veiksmo, kuris tęsėsi iki tam tikro momento ateityje. (By June, he will have been teaching in this school for fifteen years) • Ketinimams, planams, ambicijoms ateičiai. (I am going to go to India one day.) • Veiksmams, kuriuos mes jau nusprendėme atlikti netolimoje ateityje. (Nicky is going to visit her friends in London next week.) • Sprendimams (spėjimams), kurie remiasi tuo, ką matome ar žinome, ypač kai yra įrodymai, kad kažkas tikrai nutiks. (There isn‘t a cloud in the sky. It is going to be a beautiful day.) ŽODELIAI Think, believe, probably, certainly, parhaps, expect... etc. Before; by; by then; by the time;until/till By ... for Tomorrow; the day after tomorrow; tonight; soon; next week/month/year/sommer/etc; in a week/month/etc.

Anglų kalba  Paruoštukės   (10,67 kB)

Pašiaušė is a tiny spot in the map of Šiauliai district, no need to mention how small it is on Lithuanian` s or even larger scale. However it attracts the eyes and the hearts of numerous people, interested in the history of our country, as if saying: “Yes, this is the place, far away from European cities, which three and a half hundred years ago witnessed intensive cultural life, the spread of scientific novelties, the truths of Christian faith and most progressive European ideas”.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (1 psl., 4,06 kB)

Here are facts showing the dangers of eating meat because of the large amounts of antibiotics fed to livestock to control staphylococci (commonly called staph infections), which are becoming immune to these drugs at an alarming rate. The animals that are being raised for meat in the United States are diseased. The livestock industry attempts to control this disease by feeding the animals antibiotics. Huge quantities of drugs go for this purpose. Of all antibiotics used in the U.S., 55% are fed to livestock.

Maistas, sveikata, higiena  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (4 psl., 8,18 kB)

Anglų kalbos laikų lentelė.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (2 psl., 12,06 kB)

Who was in charge of judging Bad Design and how different were their takes? Focusing on three main figures within Victorian Design Culture: Pugin, Ruskin and Morris. The three most prominent Victorian architects and designers Ruskin, Morris and Pugin influenced and defined both the architecture and art of the Victorian period. Their ideas of beauty and correctness followed many strict rules, which have been established as the most influential and architectural structures of the Victorian Age.

Dailė  Referatai   (4,66 kB)

Tai vienuolika skirtingomis temomis parašytų rašinėlių, kurie pravers besiruošiant anglų kalbos egzaminams ar kalbėjimo įskaitoms.

Anglų kalba  Konspektai   (10,77 kB)

Some people think that school years are the happiest days in people’s lives. Can you say that you have been happy at school? Why? School is the traditional place for acculturating children into our national life. In the modern age, the role assigned to our schools is to prepare children for the literate public culture.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (4,55 kB)

Trumpai ir aiškiai anglų kalba apie telefono aparato veikimo principą. The telephone operates on simple principles. A telephone mouthpiece contains a thin metallic coating separated from an electrode by a thin barrier (today we use plastic) which connects to a wire carrying an electric current. When a person speaks into the mouthpiece, the acoustic vibrations from her speech push the metallic coating slightly closer to the electrode, resulting in variations in voltage and therefore a speedy conversion from acoustic to electric energy.

Anglų kalba  Konspektai   (0,82 kB)

Kauno Saulės gimnazija, gauta iš kalbėjimo 10. I am from Kaunas, my address is Baltijos seventy-nine, flat nine, I was born on the ……………th of ………….. in Kaunas, thus I am nineteen now. I am male, and still single as I think I am not mature enough to marry. Thus, I have no children.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (5,05 kB)

Italy (in Italian, Italia), republic in southern Europe, bordered on the north by Switzerland and Austria; on the east by Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea; on the south by the Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea; on the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ligurian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea; and on the north-west by France.

Anglų kalba  Analizės   (4,69 kB)

Private Schooling Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that private schools offer a better education to children and better prepare them for college. Thesis Statement: Private school children are more involved in community service, are generally provided with a better education, and are more likely to apply and succeed in college.

Anglų kalba  Analizės   (2,38 kB)

Filmo "Fight Club" analizė.

Anglų kalba  Analizės   (6 kB)

Comparison essay on tax systems in Great Britain, The United States of America and Lithuania.

Anglų kalba  Analizės   (5,76 kB)

Education on the whole. Education fees in schools and Universities. Famous high schools of Lithuania. Famous foreign high schools. Education obtainable in Vilnius University. Types of high education. Education and studies in Communication Departament. Education is compulsory in Lithuania. Children start school at age of seven. They can stay at secondary school for 12 years but some of them leave it after tenth form. These pupils usually go to vocational junior colleges (proftechos) and trade schools where they can get both secondary education and qualification.And also they leard a trade.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3 psl., 5,42 kB)

Just like how discovery of steam engine caused revolution in the world of technics, computers caused information revolution today. We can now say that the biggest technology progress is in the last 50 years. Because 50 years ago ENIAC – the first analitical machine was discovered. In the 70s we already had the first generation of computers. They of course were very big and expensive and they couldn’t work long. Ant that was the reason why they were used only in big and rich countries by governmental institutions and scientists. And only in the first part of 90s computers became popular all over the world.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (2 psl., 3,61 kB)

London. Wales. Windsor castle. London was not built as a city in the same way as Paris or New York. It began life as a Roman fortification at a place where it was possible to cross the River Thames. A wall was built around the town for defence, but during the long period of peace which followed the Norman Conquest, people built outside the walls. This building continued over the years, especially to the west of the city. In 1665 there was a terrible plague in London, so many people left the city and escaped to the villages in the surrounding countryside. In 1666 the Great Fire of London ended the plague, but it also destroyed much of the city.

Anglų kalba  Referatai   (8 psl., 18,63 kB)

Just like how discovery of steam engine caused revolution in the world of technics, computers caused information revolution today. We can now say that the biggest technology progress is in the last 50 years. Because 50 years ago ENIAC – the first analitical machine was discovered. In the 70s we already had the first generation of computers. They of course were very big and expensive and they couldn’t work long. Ant that was the reason why they were used only in big and rich countries by governmental institutions and scientists. And only in the first part of 90s computers became popular all over the world.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (2 psl., 3,57 kB)

This agreement on Bilateral Relations between India and Pakistan was signed after the 1971 India-Pakistan War, in which Pakistan was defeated conclusively and which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. India refrained from attacking or finishing off Pakistan and signed this agreement with the hope that henceforth the countries in the region would be able to live in peace with each other. The then Pakistani Prime Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, also promised the then Indian Prime Minister, Mrs Indira Gandhi, that his country would accept the Line of Control (LOC) in the state of J&K as the de facto border and would not try ot de-stabilise it. This was not formally entered in the agreement because Bhutto said it would cause domestic problems for him at this juncture. Mrs Gandhi magnanimously accepted his promise and did not formalise that part of the agreement. But Pakistan, as later events were to prove, never kept its part of the deal.

Politologija  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (2 psl., 4,92 kB)

I choose subject risk and benefit of starting a new business. This topic is quite interesting for me and necessary to know how it is developing recently. It is interesting, because many people are starting their business nowadays, they want to have independence and earn a lot of money. So it is useful to read articles of people which business was and is prosperous, how they succeeded. Why people start their business? Are they exceptional? What is the risk to lose everything?

Anglų kalba  Referatai   (9 psl., 19,39 kB)

Anglų k. rašinėlis ("Argumentative essay (for and against)" tipo) tema "The school-leaving age should be raised to 21".

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Kalbėjimas tema "Can we really lear to be happy". Turėtų ypač praversti žmonėms, kurie mokosi iš vadovėlio "Matrix. Upper-intermediate", nes tai kalbėjimo tema iš Unit 2.

Anglų kalba  Namų darbai   (1 psl., 3,32 kB)

Pagalba ruošiantis anglų kalbos egzamino kalbėjimo daliai.

Lietuvių kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (8 psl., 19,36 kB)