Lietuviškas maistas: tradicijų ir pokyčių sankryžoje Petras Rimantas Venskutonis Kauno technologijos universiteto (KTU) profesorius, Maisto produktų technologijos katedros vedėjas. Gimė 1953 m. Kaišiadoryse. Maisto produktų inžinieriaus technologo specialybę įgijo KTU 1976 m., Kijevo maisto pramonės institute apsigynė disertaciją 1986 m. Mokslinio darbo sritis  natūralių maisto priedų chemija ir technologija. Paskelbė per 200 mokslinių darbų. Tradicinis maistas, nacionaliniai mitybos ypatumai yra būdingi kiekvienai pasaulio valstybei, tautai ar netgi etninei grupei. Iš kitos pusės, sparčios globalizacijos, ekonominės integracijos ir gyventojų migracijos sąlygomis maistas bei mitybos įpročiai kinta. Karu su tradiciniais nacionaliniais maisto apibūdinimais vartotojų lūpose vis dažniau skamba tokie terminai, kaip “greitas maistas”, “hamburgeris”, ”pica”, “traškučiai” ir kt. Tokiems pokyčiams poveikį taip pat turi didelį mokslo ir technologijų vystymasis, žemės ūkio ir maisto pramonės industrializavimas, prekybos geografijos išsiplėtimas. Kokie pagrindiniai tradicinio lietuviško maisto atributai? Tai  tikriausiai, natūralumas, geras (pilnas, natūralus) skonis ir aromatas, labai ribotas maisto priedų naudojimas. Visi šie atributai kuria teigiamą lietuviškų maisto produktų įvaizdį. Atkūrus nepriklausomybę 1991 m., vyko spartūs pokyčiai. “Geležinės sienos” likvidavimas ir spartus integravimasis į Europos erdvę yra bene svarbiausi tokių pokyčių veiksniai. Vis tik, šiuo metu dar galime tvirtinti, kad Lietuvoje tebegaminami tradiciniai lietuviški maisto produktai. Ypač tai pasakytina apie tradicinius duonos, mėsos ir pieno gaminius. Per pastarąjį dešimtmetį vyko tiek teigiami, tiek ir neigiami maisto gamybos ir vartojimo pokyčiai. Žymiai pagerėjo padėtis maisto saugos valdymo ir užtikrinimo srityje, įdiegiamos šiuolaikiškos technologijos, plečiasi eksportas į vakarų valstybes. Vienas iš pagrindinių tradicinio lietuviškojo maisto natūralumo priešų yra įvairūs ekonominiai veiksniai. Naudojant vien tradicines, natūralias žaliavas gana sunku konkuruoti laisvojoje rinkoje, nes tokios žaliavos yra dažniausia brangios. Todėl, ypač mėsos gaminių sudėtyje, vis daugiau naudojama pigesnių netradicinių žaliavų (sojų produktų, kitos kilmės baltymų koncentratų) bei sintetinių maisto priedų (fosfatų, nitritų ir kt.). Apibendrinat galima teigti, kad Lietuvoje vyksta sudėtingi žemės ūkio, maisto pramonės, viešojo maitinimo ir mitybos pokyčiai. Reikia pripažinti, kad jie nėra tradicinio lietuviško maisto naudai. Ar lietuviškas maistas visiškai praras savo pozicijas? Parodys ateitis. Reikia tikėtis, kad geroji lietuviško maisto tradicija visada turės savo pozicijas ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir išsikovos tam tikrą nišą ir kitose valstybėse. Lithuanian food: on the crossroad of traditions and changes Petras Rimantas Venskutonis Professor of Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), Head of Department of Food Technology. Born in 1953 in Kaišiadorys. Diploma of Food Engineer obtained in 1976 from KTU, PhD in 1986 from Kiev Institute of Food Industry. Research area  chemistry and technology of natural food additives. Published more that 200 research papers. Traditional food, national dietary habits are characteristic to every country, nationality or even ethnic group. On the other hand, under conditions of a rapid globalization, economical integration and migration of the population food and nutrition undergo considerable changes. Together with traditional national food attributes more and more frequently consumers use in their everyday life such terms as “fast food”, “hamburger”, “pizza”, “chips”, etc. Development of science and technology, industrialization of agriculture and food production, expansion or trade geography also cause quite rapid changes in food production and dietary habits of the population. The above-mentioned processes are also characteristic to Lithuania which has had deep national food and dietary traditions. The influence increased after reestablishment of independence in 1991. Abolishment of “iron curtain” and integration into the EU are the most important factors for all these changes. What are the most characteristic features of the Lithuanian food? Most likely, it is “naturalness”, good flavor, and limited use of food additives. Both, positive and negative changes can be observed in food production and dietary habits in Lithuania. Improvements in hygienic conditions, application of modern equipment and technologies, expansion of the market are very positive developments, while the use of non-traditional, often inferior quality raw materials, synthetic food additives can be regarded as a negative side of the story. Anyway, in the course of unavoidable changes it can be expected that good traditions of Lithuanian food will be preserved inside the country and moreover will find their niche in other places of the world.

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The Romans were the people from a city called Rome in what is now Italy. Rome was the greatest city of its time. At one time it had nearly one million people living there. About 1,800 years ago Rome was the centre of a big empire. For a long time the Romans believed in many different gods and goddesses.For example like Saturn, Minerva, Mars, Venus, Ceres and so on. They thought they were all part of a family and people told stories or myths about them. Each gods or goddess looked after different people or things. The Romans traded goods throughout their Empire. By importing goods from other countries they raised their standard of living and were able to have many luxuries. They used their network of roads and also waterways to transport goods from one country to another. The Romans imported silver from Great Britain, silk from China, cotton from Egypt and so on. Without trades and businesses, the Romans were lovers of entertainment. People went to one of the big theatres in Rome to watch plays. They went to the Hippodrome to see the chariot racing, too. The Colosseum in Rome could seat up to 50,000 people and was the largest amphitheatre in the Empire. It was here that people gathered to see the fights between gladiators, slaves, prisoners and wild animals like lions. Roman clothes were made of wool, spun into cloth by the women of the family. Later on the richer people had slaves to do this work for them. If you could afford to buy clothes, you could buy linen, cotton or silk, which was brought to Rome from other parts of the Empire. Washing clothes was difficult because the Romans did not have washing machines or soap powder. The Romans did not eat huge meals. Their main food was pottage. Pottage is a kind of thick stew made from wheat, millet or corn. Sometimes they would add cooked meat, offal or a sauce made out of wine. Food for the common people consisted of wheat or barley, olive oil.

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The person who has influenced my life the most… I am going to talk about the person who is very important for me. Is my one of oldest cousins. Her name is Asta. She is three years elder than me, so now she is studying at university to design in Vilnius. Now, she isn’t just my elder cousins. She is a sort my sister, my best friend. She doesn’t look different from other girls, but for me she is very attractive. Asta is a tall girl and slim built. She has a round face with big brown eyes and a sweet smile, her lips is thin and red, she have upturned and small nose, dark eyebrows. Asta has short, tich and bright hair. Her skin is tanned, has many small birthmarks . She is often casually dressed in a T-shirt, jacket, jeans and walkable shoe, or leisure trousers, spruce shirt and high heeled shoes. Asta is very reserved girl. She never talks about her feelings, but she is a very friendly, sincere, peaceful and happy person. She has a lot of friends and she also helps strangers. My cousins Asta is very imaginative and creative, she make sketch of clothes. Asta is persistent girl, who know what she want. One of Asta’s favourite hobbies is painting. She also greatly enjoys dancing in the club and being with her friends. Asta likes going to the cinema or traveling. I have shared many good time with her. She was and always will be a friend whom I can trust.

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There are a lot of differences between families with one child and bigger families with two, three and more children. Nowadays more families have only one child. It is because of many reasons. First of all - the career. Women are able to have a good job and they do not want to let someone take up their working places. Even after that, they cannot find a job. Another disadvantage is big expenses. Many families cannot maintain their sons and daughters. Family relations are one of actual themes in today’s world. The only child gets all the attention from his/her parents; parents do not have to divide their senses. Because of that, children, who grow in a family like this, are spoilt. In fact, when a person has to share something with others, with sisters and brothers, they are much less kind and friendly. Brothers and sisters usually are the best friends. They trust and understand each other. The only child can talk about everything just with his/her friends or parents. For some kind of children, it is difficult to tell parents their problems and friends are not reliable at times. That is why it is better to have someone who thinks like you. Maybe it is difficult to maintain a big family, but sometimes it can be better for it all.

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The house of my dreams My house would have a large,bright kitchen where i could sit quietly at a wooden table admiring the view of the garden through the window.My living room would be simple,with basic furniture like a long soft sofa and two large armchairs.It would also have a fireplace so i could keep warm on cold windy nights.There would also be several wooden bookcases full of books to keep me company.My bedroom would have a four-poster bed with a white linen bed cover and the walls would be painted a soothing pale blue. It would be a small wooden cottage surrounded by neat green lawn stretching all the way down to a river.There would be colourful flowers gently swaying in the cool breeze and an orchard at the back of the house with trees full of sweet and juicy oranges,apples and pears. If i could choose,I would live in a house just like this with its beautiful natural surroundings and peaceful atmosphere. Imagine waking up to the sound of birds singing in the trees outside and warm sunlight shining through your bedroom window.This is what I dream of when I imagine my ideal house.

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The weather in Lithuania is different from the weather in England. England climate is better than Lithuania climate. Why? Because the sea keeps the island warm in winter and makes the air cool in summer. Lithuanian coasts are being bathed by the sea too, but it is only in the west part of the country. The weather changes in England very often and it can‘t be the same kind of weather for a long time. In spring sunshine and showers follow each other. In spring the weather is generally mild but sometimes they get cold days. In Lithuania spring weather is similar but it is rarely raining and sun is shining almost everyday. Summers are not so cold as on the continent and warm days in autumn are beautiful in England. Lithuanian summer is usually very hot. The temperature is above 300 C. In autumn is usually rainning and blowing cold wind. England winter has all sorts of weather. Sometimes it rains and sometimes it snows. It is never so cold in winter as on the continent and there is not much snow. Winter in Lithuania is often cold and there is a lot of snow. Also there is fog and frost. I think weather in boths countries is very similar and it is better than in Australia, Africa or in Antarctica.

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The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance arch for the Exposition Universelle, a World's Fair marking the centennial celebration of the French Revolution. It is located at geographic coordinates 48°51′29″N, 2°17′40″E. The tower was inaugurated on 31 March 1889, and opened on 6 May. Three hundred workers joined together 18,038 pieces of puddled iron (a very pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million rivets, in a structural design by Maurice Koechlin. The risk of accident was great, for unlike modern skyscrapers the tower is an open frame without any intermediate floors except the two platforms. Yet because Eiffel took good care of his workers with movable stagings, guard-rails and screens, only one man died, during the installation of Otis Elevator's lifts. The tower was met with resistance from the public when it was built, with many calling it an eyesore (Novelist Guy de Maupassant ate at a restaurant at the tower regularly, because it was the one place in Paris he was sure he wouldn't see it). Today, it is widely considered to be one of the most striking pieces of structural art in the world. Originally, Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years(when ownership of it would revert to the City of Paris, who had originally planned to tear it down; part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it could be easily torn down), more than recouping his expenses, but as it later proved valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit. The military used it to dispatch Parisian taxis to the front line of the Marne, and it therefore became a victory statue of that battle. It was also used to catch the infamous "Mata Hari," and after this, its demolition became unthinkable to the French population.

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The City Kissed by the Sun Šiauliai is the City kissed by the Sun. The city stretches in the North of the Lithuania. Our Šiauliai is very interesting and attractive. In Šiauliai is 7 unique and magic Sun Monuments. During all 770 years the city was set 7 times devastated by wars, stormed and Black Death. One of the most important landmarks is renaissance architectural miracle is St. Apostles Peter and Paul‘s Cathedral with the oldest Lithuania‘s Sun Clock on the wall. A few steps further your eyes meets one more celestial sign in the Sundial Square. The Sculptures of the Golden Boy – An Archer – sparkles in the rays of the sun on the top of the Sun Clock. Another a clock is Cock, which signs every midday or early evening, and welcomes you in 16 different languages. In Šiauliai you can visit also 3 art works: a sculpture in Salduve Park, a fresco in the Municipality and Lithuania‘s biggest Stained glass in the Cinema Centre „Saule“. And that is not all. Šiauliai is a proud of the pedestrian with its impressive little architecture and fountains of the „Three Birds“and „Pelicans“. If you are in Saurian, you must see Boulevard. It is third in Europe and the oldest in Lithuania. Giuliani Tourism Information Centre offers attractive excursions with real generals, army meals and entertainment in the airbase in Sonia, where is an old military heritage. Giuliani is the city of unique museums. There are more 20 of them it is only one in Lithuania that has got Cats, Bicycle, Radio and Television Museums. The most spectacular and remarkable museum is Chain Frenkel‘s Villa famous for its architecture not found in the other Baltic countries. Šiauliai differs from others for having two lakes on its territory. Talkša Lake is in the centre of the city. Some distance away there is Rekyva, one of the ten biggest lakes of Lithuania and full water attraction. Also there is a new multifunctional complex of Dainai Park. Everyone willing to get acquainted with our land is welcome. It is worth arriving to the city of the Sun as it offers great experience, which will undoubtedly be beyond your expectations.

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An inflammation of the mouth, often a symptom of systemic disease. Fetif breath odor and blood-tinged saliva is a symptom of lesioned oral mucosa. Etilogy. Stomatitis may be caused by infection, trauma, dryness, irritants and toxic agents. Infectious agents: streptococci, gonococci viruses of herpes, also avitaminosis, lack of vit B and C. Mechanical: cheek bitting, jagged teeth, orthodontic appliances, excessive use of alcohol, tobacco, hot foods, or spices. Also – mercury, bismuth, acid fumes and metal dust. Symptoms and signs. Allergic stomatitis – is characterized by an intense, shiny erythema, dryness. Candidiasis – the infection usualy begins on the tongue and buccal mucosa and may spread to the palate, gums. Dzagnosis. Physical examination is obligatory. Direct smears and cultures from the lesions may discloss a pathogen. Treatment. Meticulous oral hygiene is always necessary. Candidiasis responds to nystatin.

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Sports provide the necessary exercises we need for our physical and mental health. It enables us to have fun while contributing growth of our body by means of physical exercises. The most I like about sports is that it is fun. I enjoy spending my time with friends during sport activities, especially while playing volleyball and basketball. It stipulates the team spirit and synergy, the power of doing something collectively. Off course winning is a huge part of the fun as well.  Besides watching sports is an enjoyable leisure time activity also. I specifically like watching tennis and athletics. It is also fun to watch it with friends. On the other hand, sports may sometimes require much effort than I can afford which would be exhausting and it sometimes causes unnecessary tension and conflict among friends during the game. They may cause injuries and accidents under un-careful circumstances. One other thing is that sports have an addictive side. It is often hard to compensate my time between sports and lessons. Still sports are a big part of my life that I can’t give up.

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Smoking is very harmful not only for smokers but also for those who are near the smokers. This addiction causes heart ant pulmonary diseases, cancer and a lot of other horrifying diseases. The worse thing is that smoking causes psychological dependence. Therefore should smoking be banned or allowed in public places? There are two different opinions in our society, to ban smoking in public places or not. Firstly people are convinced that smoking in public places is appreciable as a society health problem. They think that smoking should be banned, because smoke harms all of us. On the other hand we ought to respect smoker’s interests and alternatives. Everyone is responsible for their self health. However these people who smoke are dependent on smoking, so in future they can try to use other drugs. The more people become addicts the worse our society will be. Though, to stop smoking requires a lot of amenities so for some smokers this can be too hard to do it. Adding up smokers can unwind and relax just when they are smoking. Such is their lifestyle. 180 So this question has two different sides. Although smoking is very harmful not only for smokers but for all of us who are near smokers, smokers alternative should be respected.

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It has been estimated that something like 17 million Americans try to "quitt smoking" each year and only about 8% succeed! Statistical analysis has shown that the success rate is much higher if the doctor was involved in counseling and helping a person to quit. I'm not sure if any studies have been done to see if a pharmacist's encouragement to quit produces similar results, but I am going to urge you to prepare yourself to "kick" the habit. Let me remind you why it is so important. Smoking can either directly cause or be a major risk factor in bringing about the following: Cancers of the lung, liver, pancreas, bladder, brain, breast, and cervix. Chronic obstructive lung disease, asthma, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Hypertension, coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysm, and stroke. Retardation of fetal growth, congenital malformations, premature births, spontaneous abortions, and sudden infant death syndrome. Peptic ulcers, osteoporosis, and premature aging. Even breathing the air in a smoke filled room is associated with higher risks of some of these conditions! If you quit, do the risks return to the same level as nonsmokers? Yes, in many cases they do. Nicotine is only one of the toxins in cigarette smoke. Other toxic chemicals include carbon monoxide, ammonia, and nitrosamines. Smoking is considered a true addiction by the US Surgeon General. So, it is not easy to quit and although relapse is common, it should be viewed as part of the process. Most people are successful only after several attempts. The use of patches which release nicotine into the body are often very helpful. But, programs which include counseling and behavior modification have the highest rates of lasting abstinence. You can be of service to your friends and family by helping them to confront the issue of what smoking does to their health and to those around them. Encourage them to seek professional counsel on a smoking cessation program that fits their needs. Then stick with them as encouragement from friends and family can greatly enhance their chances for success. Remember, this pharmacist is ready and willing to help. Kicking the habit promotes "Good Health."... lighten up... it will be good for your “good health.”

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Shopping to most of us mainly emphasizes satisfaction of getting away from a daily routine. Some of the shoppers find themselves more relaled and cheerful after they have purchased a new garment. Like every girl I enjoy my time shopping because I like to renew my wardrobe and update my style with the newest fashions. However, shopping would get to dull if it became my daily routine. I prefer an unexpected trips to the shopping stores whenever in feeling down as it livens me up and brings more enjoyment. I favour shopping in local stores then internet shopping. It is because I like to walk around, relax, and concentrate on my shopping also meet my friends. I also prefer to shop at stores rather then online, because I find it a great fun to go on shopping trips with my girlfriends as we always have a laugh. In the shops I find a wider choice of garments to buy. When shopping online you have to take extra responsibility as you can not rely or some of the web-sites. Once you order online you may find it harder to exchange or return the product rather then buying it back to shop. In my opinion, shopping both ways most of us more find great bargains as there is a large number of clothes and prices to chose from. I think it is very polite when the shop assistant comes over to the customers asking if they feel alright it is a very good customer servise

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To begin with, all people use various services: postal services, telephone, telegraph, bank, police, diplomatic services, car maintenance services, petrol stations and personal services. Personal service establishments are very useful and many people visit them every day. I`m not an exception . When I am going to go to a party I go to hairdresser’s establishment. If I need my shoes to get mended, I go to the repair shop. When they are rather worn, I take them to the shoemaker’s. Occasionally I need to have my photos taken. Then I go to the photographer’s. In addition I have a camera at home so I can take photos myself. Unfortunately I can’t make photographs, so I have to go to the photographer’s and have them made. As far as I can see the telephone is widespread nowadays. The telephone is of great importance in business, in administrative relations and in the national economy. I have the telephone at home too and I like to talk over it. When necessary, the police, the fire brigade, the first aid and ambulance service can be called by anybody from any telephone. It is easy of access. You have to dial only two digits. We use the fire brigade. For example, once there was a strange smell and smoke from our neighbours door. Such being the case, we call a fire brigade. Fortunately for us it was only burnt stewpot [‹stju:pƒt]. What comes to postal service, I use it too. I like to communicate with people. I have some friends in Lithuania and Denmark, and I communicate with them. I send letters to Denmark by air mail. It costs more but it is faster. At the post office you can send telegrams too. I can send parcels with gifts to my friends when they celebrate their birthdays. A few years ago I used to go to café-internet. There you can Relax with a cup of tea or Espresso while you Surf the Net. Now I give preference to my computer at home. Finally sometimes I use medical services. If I am not ill very seriously I treat myself. However, a few years ago I broke my hand so for this reason I had to use services of medical professions. Another reason why I go to see the doctors is medical certificate for school. Once a half-year I go to the dentist. On the whole I havn`t a fear of various medical institutions like dentist and so on. I like listening comments and discussions on current affairs, interviews with various people on the radio. The programs are followed by music it`s the main reason why it interests me. I like to watch something on TV in the evenings. When my radio or TV has broken down I have to repaired it in the service shop. And when I was going to go abroad I used the diplomatic services. In that case I went to Vilnius embassy for my visa. In conclusion, all services are in your interest. Service industry provide a variety of facilities to help in every situation. Moreover it`s easy of access. And to my mind it make our life easier.

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Our telephone company made a survey about mobile phones in Lithuania. There are a lot of different mobile telephone‘s models. Actually it is very difficult to find a family without mobile phones. Here are some opinions: URTE. There are 3 mobile phones called 'Nokia' in her family. Why 'Nokia' ? in her opinion 'Nokia' is the highest quality mobile phone in Lithuania. She used her mobile phone to get in touch with her friends and parents. During the week she spent 7 hours on her mobile phone. LISA. There are 4 mobile phones in Lisa‘s family. Mobile phone is her best friend. During the week she spends 30 hours. She calls her friends, parents, who live in England. TOM. Tomas got a mobile phone as a birthday present, but he uses it not very often. He adores to talk to somebody lively. LUKAS. Lukas used his mobile phone at work. He is a manager. He also calls his friends. He spends 40 hours during a week on his mobile phone. Conclusion: Mobile phones are getting more and more popular in Lithuania. There are a lot of styles, colours mobile phones. Mobile phones have a lot of advantages: • It‘s very comfortable to use them; • You can get information, you need, very quickly; • You can get in touch with people all over the world; • Mobile phones are very fashionable; • New technologies...

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Relationships Since long time ago people have known about relationships. At different stages of live we all feel love, anger, jealousy and so on… But we know that in adolescence relationships is one of the most important thing. Being a teenagers has never been easy. Because you usually fall in love for the first time at this age. When you love a boy or a girl, you don’t seem to notice the world around you, so often you forget your lessons or everyday chores. You don’t hear what your parents, friends or teachers say, so they become angry with you. Then you mostly say ‘You don’t understand me…’ When you split up with your boyfriend or girlfriend, you had thought that this relationship would last forever and now it’s over. In this situation teenagers shed tears and regret their action. Also, relationships become difficult between teenagers and parents. Young people always want to go out and come home late at night. Parents don’t trust and often there is a quarrel. Sometimes teenagers choose friends who aren’t very good. And later young people fall victims by this ‘friends’. Then they want to talk with their parents and it helps relationship to get better. So, I think, adolescence is a very difficult time. Teenagers don’t understand their actions and feelings. One moment they can be very friendly, later they can be angry…

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Everyone needs at least one profession in his life. So when you begin spending sleepless nights, thinking about a job and money, when you think of the plans for the future it's no doubt about it you're ready to choose most suitable career for you. So in the world there are a lot of different professions: you can work with people as a doctor, lawyer, receptionist, teacher; on the enterprise, bank, school or state institution. And what kind of a profession you choose is mainly depend on yourself. And I think it's very difficult task for everybody. And now there is such situation in the life that it is very difficult to find some worthy job especially suitable for you. So if you want some-how to get a job, you can make plans for the future when you study still at school or university. It's a good idea to take different factors into account: job satisfaction - your future job must satisfy you; money - it's important that your future profession must be well-paid or you must have a high salary to support the family, good conditions; training; traveling, the place of work -in the office, from home, in the open area or abroad. For example I'm still not sure about my workplace and conditions because I know the fact that my future career will be my central part of my future life. Everybody wants to breathe fresh air, and even I want to locate myself in a clean place. I don't want to work in a city because there are so many problems like heavy traffic and population. If I have a chance to choose a place where I prefer, I would choose a quiet and peaceful place near the Baltic sea. I think the "working condition" should fit and care about my lifestyle. I have seen several people who get stresses from their jobs. If I always have bad moods and get so much stresses from my work, I would rather be unemployed than be a worker. I would like to make enough money to provide myself and my family. Sometimes, I have felt I'm greediness because I want to have so many things such as a big house, a nice car, and many others. So nowadays more and more students are trying to find a part-time job. There are a lot of reasons for it, but the common one – lack of money. It maybe a bad economical situation of a whole family or teenagers just need money for their entertainments. Starting a part-time job, not every young person thinks about pros or cons of this decision. On the positive side, extra incomes improve economical situation of the family. If students earn money for their needs, they also help parents – don`t ask them for additional pocket money. What is more, young people become more independent among their friends. On the other hand, part-time job can become harmful for studies at school on in another educational institution. Students can skip courses, motivating that their job and money they earn are much more significant, then studies. To sum up, it`s obvious that working and studying at the same time is a very complicated task. In my opinion, not everybody can manage to do all things perfectly depend only on person`s qualities. So nowadays more and more people are very busy with work and other activity. Never before in the history of the world have businessmen traveled so much as they do today. It is not surprising because we are living in a world of growing international trade and expanding economic and technical cooperation. Fascinating though it is for tourist travelling, however, has become the most tiring of all the occupations for many businessmen and experts. Nowadays people who go on business mostly travel by air as it is the fastest means of travelling.

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Back to the point, I must say that it is very difficult to show only four as there are many places in interest in Lithuania. From what I know, there are many national parksin Lithuania. As a matter of fact, I could take my guest to few of them. Firstly, I would show to my guest The Trakai National Park. This park was designed in 1992 to embrace the historical city of Trakai, the forests, lakes and villages. The most significant historic monument is the Island Castle, on lake Galvė, which was built in the 14th century. The gothic castle is an impressive example of Lithuanian fortress architecture. From the tower of the castle you can see the shores of the lake, surrounding it like a green wreath. The castle now houses a valuable ethnological museum. In summer, chamber music concerts are held every Sunday in the representation hall. I am definitely sure, that foreigners would be impressed by this charms of nature. Secondly, I would be able to show one more national park. Žemaitija National Park was founded in 1991. The main aims of the park are to preserve the lake Plateliai system and the nature, to make better conditions for endangered species of flora and fauna, to develop tourism. It's also important to keep in mind that in the park my dear guest can have a good rest and spend holidays or weekend in the fresh air, in picturesque places, play sports and games, visit museums of traditional woodearved sculptures. As far as Vilnius is concerned, it is the capital of Lithuania. Vilnius is the largest city in the Republic and a cultural center. It goes with the teritory that in case you are going to show Lithuania to foreigner, you must show him the capital of Lithuania. Sitting at the top of Gediminas hill are the ruins of the Upper Fortress. The 14th-16th century gothic castle is both an architectural and historical monument. The bottom floors now house a small museum where you can learn about the history of Vilnius and see displays of archaeological findings. A narrow spiral staircase leads you to the top of the tower and a breathtaking view of Vilnius. Be sure to take in the view from all directions - opposite of the city, illuminating like a vision, is Hill of Three Crosses. Your eye will naturally be drawn to the classical elegance of Vilnius Cathedral, which sits in the middle of Cathedral Square. And the last place, which I would love to show to my guest is Neringa. The fact is well known that Neringa is home to the longest street in the country. You have a chance to choose to stay in traditional family house or in luxurious hotels. It's no matter who is your guest, there he can take relaxing and fun-filled holiday. To sum it up, I was given a chance to tell only about four beautiful places in Lithuania, but I can't go along with that it is all what our guest can see in Lithuania.

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There are four members in my family: I, my younger sister, my father and my mother. My father is 41 year old and he‘s working as a driver in Kaunas. I like him very much because he is very funny and communicative person, but also very strict father. My mother is 41 year old too. She is working as a barmen at the local pub. I like her for understanding and warm relationships between us. My little sisters name is Kamilė. She is five years younger than me. Our relationships is not so good as everybody expects, but we both love each other very much despite our neverending battles. We both are studying at the same school. Even if she is not so good at maths as I am, there is a lot of things I like the most of her. Now I am studying at Rukla Jonas Stanislauskas secondary school and graduating twelfth form. Today there is one thought that I can‘t get out of my mind. It is my second step after I graduate school. Today all my advertency is pointed to english lessons that‘s why I want to study philology of english language. This is the most interesting subject I have ever tought. Except that, dancing is one more hobby in my life. I have dreamed about since I was a little girl. Unfortunately my studies take a lot of time from me. But I hope that sometimes there will be an opportunity for me to remember the pleasure of dancing. Few years ago I found that reading books is also very interesting hobby for me. So there is a hope that it could be really interesting way to spend my free time. Some people think that I am self-confident and determined person. But only few of then know that the best features of my character is honesty, sensibility and sincerity. Sometimes I could be very persistent person and it is not always good. Boastful, sluggish and ambitious people are not my favourite type of persons character, so I am trying to keep away from them. That is the way I am :)

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Periodontitis resultsfrom the same local and systemic factors that cause gingivitis. The severity and duration of these factors and resistance of patients influence the rate of osseous resorption. Lots of supporting tissue is caused by bacterial activity. Loss of attachment ocurs in irregular bursts of disease activity folowed by periods of remission. Periodontitis may affect only a few teeth at one time. Several types of periodontitis: adult periodontitis is the most common form of the disease. Adolescents may develop a severe and rapidly progressing form of periodontitis. Symptoms and signs. early symptoms are similar to those of gingivitis. The gingival pockets between the gingiva and the teeth deepen, calculus enlarge, bone loss begins. The pocket collect debris andallow microbes to proliferate. Treatment: scaling and root planning are clinical methods _ they involve the removal of calculus and plaque. Hand and ultrasonic instruments are used.

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Millions of people work for a living. Some of them run their own business, others work in somebody’s else company or in a governmental enterprise. There are a lot of different opinions about what is better to run own business or to work for somebody else. I strongly believe that it’s better to work for somebody else, of course there are a lot of disadvantages by working like this, but also there are a lot of advantages. First and I think the most important reason, why working for somebody else is better, is that you don’t have so much responsibility for what you are doing. For example if you run your own business one bad resolution can disrupt your business. But if you are working for somebody else you don’t have so much responsible duties. Second reason is that you can change your work whenever you want. If you are sicken of that job which you have, if you are unsatisfied with existing standing, you can change it if you have a chance. In my opinion the best thing in running own business is that you can choose staff, working-hours and incomes. Of course a lot of thing relies on what job you have chosen. So, finally I can say that working for somebody else is much better for steady working position. If you are the best you can be sure that this position won’t disappear.

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How carefully are you with money? Do you like saving? If yes, for what purpose? Is it good to have a part — time job in order to get some money? Does everything depend on money? What is money? Is it just a paper note or something more? Is it the root of evil or is it good? Can we live without it? Does everything depend on it? There are questions which everybody would ask differently. Money is just a paper note but world doesn’t go round without it. Pessimist would say that money is the evil which makes arguments between friends, makes wars, kills people and destroys everybody’s souls. That’s true but that’s also just the one side of the truth. Maybe money is the evil but it is also good because everything depends on it. If I were a millionaire I would live without problems and I wouldn’t need to think how to pay my dues, I wouldn’t have to put by money in order to have enough food. This means that money allows living well — off. But it is needless to say that humanity disappears when there is too much money, and egoism takes place of humanity. So what can we do if we want to have plenty of money and don’t be lost to sense of humanity? We need to do work honestly and to save our money. To star with I’m very carefully with my money. It’s very good always to have it, because when I have enough money I don’t go out of my mind even if there happens something to me. There isn’t necessary to borrow from somebody, too. That’s because I always think about my future and I never know what will happen to me, too. Basically I put by money for purpose to feel safe. And maybe you feel like you don’t know how I manage to save money being a teenager. Well, I get a pocket money from my mother everyday. I don’t spend all of them so I put by twenty pounds per month. That’s not a big amount but that’s enough for me. I think that there would be better to get more, but that’s not a necessity. Apart from this I bay clothes from the second — hand shops and accessories from sale. It helps me to save a lot of money. On the one hand if I didn’t save it I would borrow some from somebody. But that’s not a good idea because I feel really bad being in debt. I don’t like to borrow and also I don’t like to lend, too. However, it would be great to have a part — time job in order to get some money. In my opinion every man should try to find a right way how to earn some extra money. They should stop putting the blame on life for injustice. Saying the truth I dream of perfect graduation that I would be able to get a good job in order to earn a lot of money. And I don’t want that there would be heavy fall of rain of money. I just want to share my future life by myself. I believe in a dream that’s why I keep trying and do my best to realize it. To sum up I want to say that money is a lubricous thing. You must be very carefully with it because you never know what can happen in the future. And although money is the root of evil but we couldn’t live without it. And also it smells good.

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I am going to talk about the person who is very important for me. Is it my mum. Her name is Rita. She is thirty-four years old. Now, she is not just my mum. She is also my friend and I like her looks as well as her features of character. My mum does not look different from others women, but for me she is very attractive. Firstly she is tall and slim. My mother has a round face with blue sparkling eyes and sweet smile with white teeth, her lips a thin and red, she has a turned up and small nose and dark eyebrows. She has short, wavy brown hair. Her skin is tanned. Besides, she is usually dressed in sports style. But sometimes when she goes to important places, she is dressed in formal clothes. Talking about my mum’s character, she is good-humored and you can not get bored with her company, for example, when I am sad she always makes me laugh by telling a joke to me. She is very outspoken and you can talk to her about everything and she always gives you advice. Also she is very sensitive. When she is hurt she sometimes begins to cry. However, like every person she has got some drawbacks. For example, she can be angry at times and nervous, especially when she has got a bad day. Impatient is another negative feature of her character. When she asks me to do something I have to do it at once without hesitation. As far as my mom’s free time is concerned, she loves listening to music, meeting her friends, collecting old coins and going in for sports. As you can see she spends her leisure in a very interesting way. In conclude, my mum is a person I always admire despite her negative features of her character. Besides, I am so happy to have someone to rely on.

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On the 17th of March there was my birthday. I decided to celebrate my birthday at home with my friends and family. I involved a lot of preparation before the party started. My mum made herself a big birthday cake and other delicious food. My brother and father tided all rooms and prepared the table, I made myself a lot of brightly colored decorations to decorate all rooms. I also prepared fun games. The guests started to come about 12pm and we began to celebrate. At first, we sit up around the table and ate delicious dishes prepared by my mum. Then we listen to loud music and dance. After that, we played my prepared games and watched film. At last we ate cake. I made a wish and blew up all candles. After the party, some my friends stayed up to sleep over. I felt a little bit exhausted, but very happy too. I had a lot of presents and I really enjoyed the party.

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Good morning, today I`m going to speak about ‘Mass media’. To start with, the mass media play an important part in our lives. Newspapers, radio and especially TV inform us of what is going on in this world and give us wonderful possibilities for education and entertainment. They also influence the way we see the world and shape our views. Of course, not all newspapers and TV programmes report the events objectively but serious journalists and TV reporters try to be fair and provide us with reliable information. It is true that the world today is full of dramatic events and most news seems to be bad news. But people aren't interested in ordinary events. That is why there are so many programmes and articles about natural disasters, plane crashes, wars, murders and robberies. Good news doesn't usually make headlines. Bad news does. To my mind say that journalists are given too much freedom. They often intrude on people's private lives. They follow celebrities and print sensational stories about them which are untrue or half-true. They take photos of them in their most intimate moments. The question is — should this be allowed? The main source of news for millions of people is television. People like TV news because they can see everything with their own eyes. And that's an important advantage. Seeing, as we know, is believing. Besides, it's much more difficult for politicians to lie in front of the cameras than on the pages of newspapers. As far as can see, many people prefer the radio. It's good to listen to in the car, or in the open air, or when you do something about the house. In addition, other scours of information are newspapers. The best known are `Lietuvos rytas` and citizens  of Kaunas read `Kauno diena`. These concern themselves, as far as possible, with factual reports of major national and international news stories, with the world of politics and business and with the arts and sport. Newspapers don't react to events as quickly as TV, but they usually provide us with extra detail, comment and background information. The Internet has recently become another important source of information. It is believed that in the year of 2010 there will be at least 500 million people on the system enjoying virtual reality. It means that more and more people use Internet for searching the news instead of reading newspapers or watching news on Tv. Its main advantage is that news appears on the screen as soon as things happen in real life and you don't have to wait for news time on TV. Thanks to Internet now news are easy of access. To sum up, mass media reach very large numbers of people. For this reason it plays a significant role in our lives. More than even before, mass media offers us a window to the world and it depends only on you which scours of information to choose.

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City & Town Overview London The capital of the United Kingdom can be divided into three distinct parts. The main commercial area is around The City, where Roman London was founded and where the medieval township grew up, dominated by the massive fortress of the Tower of London. Further west along the Thames lays Westminster, the centre of government and administration. The West End—running west from Covent Garden to Oxford Street—is the main shopping and entertainment area. Surrounding this core are districts such as Kensington, Chelsea, and Marylebone, that joined London in the 18th century, but retain a separate identity. London's attraction is its cosmopolitanism, rivaling that of New York. An imperial capital in the 19th century, it has become a vibrant world city that is home to a fascinating mix of peoples. Trafalgar Square One of the most famous Squares in the World - With Nelsons Column, the National Gallery and of course the pigeons. The Column itself is some 170 foot high, with the statue of Nelson himself being some 18 foot high. Though one would not think so viewing him from the ground. Admiral Nelson is buried in St Pauls Cathedral. landseer lions -... Named after the Naval Battle of 1805, Trafalgar Square was completed by the mid 1840's. Nelsons Column is surrounded by 4 bronze lions, on granite plinths, unveiled in 1868, sculpted by Sir Edwin Landseer, and cast by Marocchetti. At the time Landseer was better known for his animal paintings. Fountains and statues, including one of Charles I on horseback, dating from the 17th century adorn the Square. Yet more sculptures in the form of bronze relief's can be found at the base of the Column depicting scenes from four of Admiral Nelson's Battles. Bus-nelson.jpg On the North side of the Square is the National Gallery, housing masterpieces by Leonardo Da Vinci, Rebens. Alongside is the National Portrait Gallery. ... On the west side is Canada House, while in the North East corner is the Church of St Martins in the Fields.

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Lithuania lies by the Baltic Sea. But only the west part of our country is bathed by the sea. The climate in our country is quite good. We coul enjoy four seasons of the year. Every season is different from each other. My favourite season is spring. In this season we could see birds, like storks, tits, cuckoo and other, coming back from warm countries after long winter. Animals awake from their winter sleep. All nature becomes green. We could enjoy beautiful and colourful flowers. Most of them in spring I like violets. I like to watch the life of butterflies, ladybirds and grassschopers. After spring season comes summer. Then the weather becomes very hot. We could met various kind of wild animals in lithuanian woods: wolves, foxes, wild boars, beavers and other mammals. Also there is woodpeckers, swallows, sparows and storks, that are busy with finding food to eat. Very beautiful bird for me is swan. That white bird lives in lakes and delight people watching them. After amazing summer season comes autumn. It is very colourfull season, because the sky is blue and it matches with red, yellow and brown colours of the leaves on the trees. In this season people go to forest to pick mushrooms, nuts and wild berries. Unfortunately, this season always makes people be sad because of rainny and windy days. The coldest season of the year is winter. Then it snows a lot and the weather usually is really cold. Also there is fog and frost. So it‘s not one of my favourite season, despite my favourite holiday of a year – Christmas holiday. I think weather in Lithuania is enough good for us and it is better than in Australia, Africa or in Antarctica.

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Lithuania’s seasons Lithuania’s seasons are very different. We have all four seasons in the years. Summers in Lithuania are warm and dry. In those days, most people go outside for a walk or ride a bike. Temperatures can reach 300 Celsius so many people go to the seaside on days off. Winters are wet and cold. Sometimes it is very cold 25 degrees or more below zero. It often snows so usually everything is covered snow. Children like winter; they go sledging down the hills or play with snow. Winter is special because then everybody celebrate the most important holidays — Christmas and New years. Autumns are wet and windy. The days become shorter and the nights become longer. The weather often changes, and it gets colder and colder. The sky is often grey and cloudy, often rains. People usually stay at home or visit friends. Springs usually are warm and sunny. There are not much rainy days. The air is fresh and sun shines brightly. Many people go picnic. Lithuania has a wonderful climate. Everybody enjoys themselves, whatever season it is.

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• The Republic of Lithuania is situated near the Baltic Sea. The length of the sea border is 99 kilometres. Kuršių Nerija, a nearrow split of land, isbetween the Baltic Sea and the Kurish Lagoon. It is often called the Lithuanian Sahara. To the north the country borders on the Republic of Latvia, to the east and south - on Belarus, to the soutwest - on Poland and on the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation. The geometric center of the republic is about two kilometres west of Kėdainiai. The center of Erope is near the village Bernotai, 25 kilometres north of Vilnius. The highest point is Juozapinės hill, not far from Vilnius.It is 293.6 metres above sea level. The Nemunas River flows 937 kilometres. The Tauragnas is the deepest lake. • The first inhabitants had settled in the present territory of Lithuania about 900 BC. Lithuania was first mentioned in aLatin chronicle in 1009. It is believed that Lithuania gotits name from the Lietava River, the right tributary of the River Neris. It flows about 25 kilometres from the town Kernavė. The union of the Baltic tribes developed into the state of Lithuania in the 13th century. King Mindaugas (1251-1263) was thefirst Lithuanian king. The first Lithuanian ruler Gediminas founded the capital Vilnius in 1323. • The yer 1387 was significant as Lithuania was baptized and proclaimed a Christian state. The Battle of Žalgiris took place in 1410 where Grand Duke Vytautas together with the • Lithuanian and Polish armies defeated the Teutonic Order. • In 1918 the Act of independence was signed. The words music of the Russian occupation of Lithuania had started and was followed by the first deportations to Siberia. During World War ll Lithuanians had to join the Soviet army.The Act of the restoration of independence was proclaimed on March 11, 1990. The state holiday is February 16 known as independence Day. • The national flag consists of three colours.Yellow symbolizes the sun, light, and prosperity. Green represents the country's landscape,hope and joy. Red is the colour of the earth,life,and blood. • The founder of Lithuanian fiction is Kristijonas Donelaitis. The national bird is a stork,and the ruth is considered to be the national flower. According to the tradition,an oak is our national tree which sy mbolizes strength and fortitude. • The population is over three million in the republic. 1 700 000 Lithuanians or people of Lithuanian descent live in the whole world.Theaverage life expectancy is 70.5 yers. About 90 percent of Lithuanians are Roman Catholics.

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If I have a possibility to choose a job, which job I would like to work I would choose psychologist job, because of some reasons. First reason is that psychologist can help people to solve their problems. They are always near the people, they can communicate with them. This job is a glorious opportunity for those people who are very talkative, communicative and who like to give ear to somebody. Although, psychologist’s job is very amusing, because a lot of people tell theirs life’s stories. It is interesting because each people have different life’s experience and different adventure. Psychologist has to hear all of them out. Second reason why I would choose this job is this job’s serviceability. Psychologists fortify a person who needs support; they help to find real life purpose and purport of life. This opportunity to help people fascinates me. Furthermore this job is very beneficial for our society. Psychologist helps to addicts. They are the main force contending with drug addiction. This aspect of this job is really important. In my opinion if person needs to be psychologist he needs to be: patient-because he has to hear out all the problems; reasonable-because he has to help to solve the problems and well-meant for people. Psychologist anyhow can’t be hot-tempered, because person who appeals for help needs support. Also he can’t be impolite, impatient and arrogant. I admire this job for its possibility and availability to help other people, and for it’s particularity. Finally I can say that this job is my dreamy job and I strongly believe that if I have enough willingness and stubbornness I will become a psychologist.

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