10kl.apklausa,tyrimas apie sveika mityba. ......A lot of schoolchildren answer that they most sometimes take breaks when they do their homework (always-21%, sometimes-58%, never-21%). Before they go to school they have a good breakfast (every morning-53%, sometimes-47%, never-0%). And a lot of teenagers eat some biscuits every week(every day-16%,some every week-58%, once a week-26%)!....

Anglų kalba  Tyrimai   (8,85 kB)

In most of Asia, especially China, Korea, and Vietnam, the New Year begins with the first full moon of the first Chinese lunar month. Special foods are eaten in each region. In China, foods are prepared ahead (using a knife during New Year's might "cut luck") and include dishes with names that sound auspicious, such as tangerines (good fortune), fish (surplus), and chestnuts (profit).

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (6,16 kB)

Rašinys buvo įvertintas 10, "The car has been the most popular method (būdas) of transport for many years but it has advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, driving a car we avoid crowds, we feel free in our cars, we can listen to music. In winter we don't get cold because there are heating and in summer thanks to air conditioning we don't feel hot. Moreover, a car is contrary (priešingybė) to public transport we don't have to worry about a bus being late, because we get into our cars at the time we choose ourself and go for example to our friends. Using a car is comfortable and easier than using public transport......." (APIMTIS 0.5 PSL)

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,82 kB)

Tremtis yra bausmės forma, kai asmuo prievarta iškeldinamas iš savo namų (miesto, valstybės ar šalies) draudžiant sugrįžti arba gresiant įkalinimo ar mirties bausmei grįžimo atveju. Tai viena iš griežčiausių bausmės formų.

Istorija  Referatai   (17 psl., 2,96 MB)

Teenager spends most of their money on clothes, CD, and going out. How do you usually spend your cash? What is your attitude towards saving? How much is your shopping influence by advertisements on TV, radio, newspapers, and magazine?

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (8,28 kB)

Rašinys apie vaikystę anglų kalba.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (1 psl., 2,9 kB)

“ABOUT... PEOPLE and TRIPS”

Anglų kalba  Referatai   (5 psl., 9,7 kB)

Anglų referatas. Land management is the process of managing the use and development (in both urban and suburban settings) of land resources in a sustainable way. Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which interact and may compete with one another; therefore, it is desirable to plan and manage all uses in an integrated manner.

Anglų kalba  Referatai   (8 psl., 11,64 kB)

Introduction Enduring several border changes, Soviet deportations, a massacre of its Jewish population, and German and Polish repatriations during and after World War II, Lithuania has maintained a fairly stable percentage of ethnic Lithuanians (from 79.3% in 1959 to 83.5% in 2002). Lithuania's citizenship law and the Constitution meet international and OSCE standards, guaranteeing universal human and civil rights. In Lithuania like in other East and Central European countries, the demographic development during the last 10 years has been highly specific. During the last 10 years (1997-2007) Lithuania has lost 7.5% of its population. During every of these years, the number of emigrants exceeded the number immigrating and the number of deaths exceeded the births. At the start of year 2004, Lithuania’s population numbered 3,445,900. The population losses are only partially offset by immigrants, principally from Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. In 1992 – 1998, population of Lithuania dropped by 45 000 reaching 3 702 000 in early 1999. During this period emigration was responsible for the decrease by 40 700 people. The average of people per 1 square kilometer is 51.8 (2007). The highest population per 1 square km. is in centre of republic – it reaches 50 or more. Also in West and in Vilnius municipality same situation. In East population reaches less or more than 20 people. Population by sex and age Since the early 1990s, the new trends of all demographic processes – fertility, mortality, and migration – have significantly altered the age structure of the population. Since 1992, the proportion of elderly people has been clearly on the rise. During 1992–1999, the share of population aged 65 and over increased from 11.3% to 13.4%, while the share of children aged 0–14 dropped from 22.6% to 19.8%. The 15–64 age group experienced minor changes over the period, and in 1999, comprised 67% Due to the country’s swift industrialization and urbanization, the demographic transition had been proceeding at a high speed culminating in its final stage, and had resulted in a rapid population ageing. From the table we can see that in 2006 were more people than in 2007. It depends of people emigration and less immigration. Also we can see that always it was more females than males. In total, males - ~158 0000 females - ~180 0000. Population by ethnic groups During the Soviet period Lithuania, in contrast to the neighboring Baltic countries, preserved its ethnic homogeneity. According to 1989 census data, shortly before the regaining of independence, Lithuanians constituted 79.6%, Russians 9.4% and Poles 7.0% of the population. The emigration of Slavic population, notably Russians, to the East, of the Jewish population to the West, and return of Lithuanians from the former USSR in the early 1990s have further increased the share of ethnic Lithuanians, who accounted for 81.6% of the total population at the beginning of 1997. Among the Baltic States, Lithuania has the most homogeneous population. According to the census conducted in 2001, 83.45% of the population identified themselves as Lithuanians, 6.74% as Poles, 6.31% as Russians, 1.23% as Belarusian's, and 2.27% as members of other ethnic groups. Such a high percentage of ethnic Lithuanians might be influenced by the fact that in the early 1990s, the newly established government of Lithuania decided to grant citizenship to anyone who lived in Lithuania and who wished to have Lithuanian citizenship. Thus a number of people might have been assimilated

Geografija  Referatai   (11,86 kB)

Introduction Companies that earn a profit can do one of three things: pay that profit out to shareholders, reinvest it in the business through expansion, debt reduction or share repurchases, or both. When a portion of the profit is paid out to shareholders, the payment is known as a dividend.(http://beginnersinvest.about.com/od/dividendsdrips1/a/aa040904.htm) In English Wikipedia is written that dividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholder members. It is the portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividend) Then you want to make a financial decision, you have to look at dividend policy and what rise it will make to ceiling‘s stock‘s value, and, how it will suit shareholders needs. A company's dividend policy is the company's usual practice when deciding how big a dividend payment to make. Dividend policy may be explicitly stated, or investors may infer it from the dividend payments a company has made in the past. If a company states a dividend policy it usually takes the form of a target pay-out ratio. If a company has not stated a dividend policy then investors will infer it. (http://moneyterms.co.uk/dividend-policy/). Work purpose: In this work we will try to look over what is dividend, dividends types and dividend policy. Work tasks: • Understand what is dividend and find out dividends types; • Find out what are dividend paying methods; • Find out what is dividend policy and find out its types; • Establish basic dividend policy theoretical propositions, their differences; • Look over what dividend policy types are used in practical. . 2. Types of dividends "Money For Nothing" is not only the title of a song by Dire Straits in the '80s, but also the feeling many investors get when they receive a dividend. All you have to do is buy shares in the right company and you'll receive some of its earnings. ( http://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/07/dividend_implications.asp ). Dividends can be payed in cash or stock. 2.1. Cash In the majority of cases dividends are issued on a cash basis. For example, if a shareholder holds 1,000 shares and the per share dividend is $1, the investor will receive a check for $1,000 (http://www.mysmp.com/fundamental-analysis/dividends.html). In Investopedia is written that a cash dividend is a payment made by a company out of its earnings to investors in the form of cash (check or electronic transfer). This transfers economic value from the company to the shareholders instead of the company using the money for operations. Cash dividends is that receivers of cash dividends must pay tax on the value of the distribution, lowering its final value. Cash dividends are beneficial, however, in that they provide shareholders with regular income on their investment along with exposure to capital appreciation. (http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/stockcashdividend.asp). English Wikipedia gives such a definicion of cash dividends : are those paid out in the form of a check. Such dividends are a form of investment income and are usually taxable to the recipient in the year they are paid. This is the most common method of sharing corporate profits with the shareholders of the company. For each share owned, a declared amount of money is distributed. Thus, if a person owns 100 shares and the cash dividend is $0.50 per share, the person will be issued a check for 50 dollars. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividend).

Ekonomika  Referatai   (28,85 kB)

Interest in wildlife was an important part of the conservation movement of the late 19th century. Although wildlife did not have the economic importance of other resources such as timber, forage, and water, nor did it capture the public's attention as much as efforts to preserve scenic waterfalls or geysers, wildlife (especially big game) was perhaps the most endangered resource of that period. Buffalo, deer, and elk were almost eliminated from the West and predator species (wolf, bear, and cougars) were becoming rare. Upperclass reformers such as George Bird Grinnell, founder of Field and Stream magazine, and Theodore Roosevelt, a co-founder of the Boone and Crockett Club, were alarmed by the fate of big game in the Western States. When Roosevelt sponsored Gifford Pinchot for membership in the club, Pinchot was able to expand the notion of forest conservation to embrace the cause of big game protection. Yet, when the newly created Federal forest reserves were transferred from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture in 1905, Gifford Pinchot as head of the Forest Services apparently did not see much of a relationship between national forest administration and wildlife. His emphasis on timber resources set the future tone of the agency. Moreover, the agency had to be cautious about regulating game animals and birds on the forest reserves (which were renamed national forests in 1907), for fear of trampling States' rights and giving its western critics reason to disband the reserves. The policy of the Forest Service was to "cooperate with the game wardens of the State or Territory in which they serve ..." according to the first book of directives issued by the agency in 1905 (The Use Book). Two years later, a provision in the Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1907 made it a law that "hereafter officials of the Forest Service shall, in all ways that are practicable, aid in the enforcement of the laws of the States or Territories with regard to ... the protection of fish and game."

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (107,11 kB)

First of all I would like to say that the topic of my assay will be about one or another important thing which I can changed around me and explain what would happen If change It. Besides, I must say that I am not so mighty that I could change an important thing, but I’ll try my best to imagine it. Nowadays the is a lot of poverty, thousands of people in Lithuania are unemployed, almost every third man needs charity and so on.... So the first thing I would change, for better life, would be the establishment of my own charity centre. It would be great to help others especially to those who need help. But the main thing is that our government and private people whose wages are above average would support the centre. I think then life in Lithuania would be much better, everybody would enjoy living in Lithuania, it would be a good example for other countries. The second important thing, which I could change, would be prohibition of all kinds of alcohol, a prohibition of weapons and prohibition of smoking. To my mind, without these drugs and guns, our life would improve, our security would increase and our healthy would be much stronger. These mentioned things are the most worrying things for me. In conclusion I would like to say that we need to think about it a little bit more and of course take measures.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,08 kB)

Kids do not turn violent overnight, nor do they not have previous problems of some type. Aggressive behavior can be attributed to a number of things and expressed in a number of ways through home-life, culture, and society. Many of the kids who have committed violent crimes have had problems since the age of five. It is extremely hard to say what leads kids to horrible acts such as Springfield and Columbine. One reason may be aggressive behavior in childhood, caused by harsh and inconsistent parents. A poor family life often leads to trouble in school from the very beginning. The best thing to do for such troubled children is to help them control their aggression through emotional growth and learning. Parents should encourage good behavior or the child will think this way is ineffective. As the child grows older they will continue to think that violent behavior is acceptable and is the most effective way. A teacher can step into these situations and help them see positive morals and realize their actions are wrong. Teachers should reward students for polite behavior or else they will feel frustration and failure. Frustration and failure can bring the child to aggressive behavior as it brings results and gives a sense of control.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (6,68 kB)

The first documentary reference to Vilnius dates back to 1323, when the Great Duke Gediminas proclaimed Vilnius the capital of Lithuanian state and invited foreign artists, scientists, builders to come live and work here. Vilnius has got a very beautiful Old Town, which reminds us the history of our native country. In the centre of the Old Town, on the Castle hill, stands the Gediminas Tower, a part of an old castle built 6 centuries ago. There is a square in slope of the Castle Hill. It's called the Cathedral square, because there is a cathedral in the centre of it. This cathedral, reconstructed in the end of the 18th century by the famous Lithuanian architect Stuoka-Gucevichius, is the most important catholic church in Lithuania. Vilnius is a mixture of the main architectural styles: Baroque, Classicism, Renaissance and Gothic. The church of St. Anna is considered to be a Gothic masterpiece, the Gediminas castle is a representative of Gothic style too. Well-known representative of Baroque is the church of St. Peter and Paul. The Italian sculptors worked on the masterpieces of art of this church. There are thousands of sculptures in it. Classicism dominates in some Cathedral, University buildings. Vilnius University is very old, it was established in 1579. There are many new districts built in the latest 30 years: Lazdynai, Baltupiai (shame of Vilnius), Karolinishkes, Fabijonishkes, Justinishkes. I don't admire such "modern" houses of blocks, factories, standing in the centre of the city. Despite this, I don't want to criticise Vilnius more. It's my native town and I couldn't live in any other town.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,67 kB)

Los Angeles is far and away the most populous city in California and is located in the southern half of the state. It’s a great and very diverse city, from Hollywood to East L.A. you can find every possible lifestyle represeneted in this micro cosmos.

Anglų kalba  Konspektai   (97,74 kB)

To start with I think you agree with me that a big part of our most joyful and impressive moments are from holidays. Then our mood is in high spirit, we have lots of time to do everything we want. In addition, it is the way to relax and escape from your daily problems. A long days of holidays encourage us to start on a journey. Maybe you always have wanted to see acropolis in Greece or to dive into Mediterranean in Egypt? Holiday is the best time to do this. However, so many men so many minds. Different people prefer different ways to spend their holidays. Somebody prefers flights to journeys by bus, because you can see clouds, ocean or earth below you without any hindrance, furthermore it is a good way quickly to reach the place. Besides the plane other choose a traditional type of traveling by car. When the wind scatters your hair and you could feel like hero from “The Road” by Jack Keruack . As far as I can see young people give preference to hitch-hiking. Firstly, it takes them unusual experience, because such type of traveling is always full of unexpected situations. And secondly, it`s the cheapest way to travel. However, in my opinion it`s quite dangerous, especially for girls. This is the reason why I have never try such traveling. In spite of this I like traveling. It gives an opportunity to communicate with different types of people, to know yourself better and to know your friends inside out, because travel is a good way to unfold the true face of person. And the main reason why people every year over and over visit other countries is that travel gives an opportunity to know more about unique that country`s traditions and cultural identity. Furthermore it helps to expand our horizon. In conclusion, I would like to say that it is up to every person’s taste which type of travelling to choose.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (4,04 kB)

Introduction Means of transport is a general term for the different kinds of transport facilities that are often used to transport people or cargo. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is performed by modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, and aircraft. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. 1. Components of a mode of transport A transport mode is a combination of the following: • Traffic infrastructure: traffic routes, networks, nodes (stations, bus terminals, airport terminals), etc. • Vehicles and containers: trucks, wagons, ships, aircraft and trains. • A stationary or mobile workforce • Propulsion system and power supply (traction) • Operations: driving, management, traffic signals, railway switching, air traffic control, etc.

Anglų kalba  Referatai   (292,74 kB)

I have a computer as well. I need my computer for doing my homework or just for spending my free time. I use programs such us Microsoft Word, Excel, Win amp, Nero and so on. I spend few hours a day working on a computer. But sometimes (if I have a lot of to do) I spend almost all day working on a computer. If I have free time, sometimes I spend it playing computer games. But it isn’t very often. My favorite computer games are the following: X, X, X and others. It is interesting question about advantages and disadvantages of having a computer at home or at school. The main disadvantage of computers is that staring at a screen for long periods of time can be damaging to eyes, and sitting on a chair for hours at a time is certainly not healthy. Secondly, computers distract from social interactions such as conversation. Also, people can be inclined to become anti-social and stay at home in front of their computers for ages. Finally, the most persuasive argument against the using computers is that more and more are done by computers and less are done by people. That means that not only unemployment is increasing, but people become lazier not even to do anything, but to think as well. However, the advantages of computers are numerous, such us undeniable educational benefits, especially for children. School subjects become more interesting when they are presented on a computer screen. Moreover, computers can be fun with a seemingly endless variety of games which can be played on computers. In addition, computers are valuable to any business, making life easier and saving time by being capable of storing and retrieving vast amounts of information at the touch of button. Furthermore, personal can see as the using of computers increases powers of concentration. To sum it up, I must say that computer is a thing, which helps us to do our life much easier. So it means that we shouldn’t make it more important than our life or friends.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,35 kB)

There are a lot of very small islands - almost five thousands of them- near the coasts of Great Britain. The surface of Eastern England is flat. Scotland and Wales are hilly and mountainous. There are many rivers in Britain, but none of them being very long. The principal rivers are the Severn, the Thames and the Trent. The Severn is the longest river in the UK but the Thames is the most important one.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (0,96 kB)

The structure was built between 1887 and 1889 as the entrance arch for the Exposition Universelle, a World's Fair marking the centennial celebration of the French Revolution. It is located at geographic coordinates 48°51′29″N, 2°17′40″E. The tower was inaugurated on 31 March 1889, and opened on 6 May. Three hundred workers joined together 18,038 pieces of puddled iron (a very pure form of structural iron), using two and a half million rivets, in a structural design by Maurice Koechlin. The risk of accident was great, for unlike modern skyscrapers the tower is an open frame without any intermediate floors except the two platforms. Yet because Eiffel took good care of his workers with movable stagings, guard-rails and screens, only one man died, during the installation of Otis Elevator's lifts. The tower was met with resistance from the public when it was built, with many calling it an eyesore (Novelist Guy de Maupassant ate at a restaurant at the tower regularly, because it was the one place in Paris he was sure he wouldn't see it). Today, it is widely considered to be one of the most striking pieces of structural art in the world. Originally, Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years(when ownership of it would revert to the City of Paris, who had originally planned to tear it down; part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it could be easily torn down), more than recouping his expenses, but as it later proved valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit. The military used it to dispatch Parisian taxis to the front line of the Marne, and it therefore became a victory statue of that battle. It was also used to catch the infamous "Mata Hari," and after this, its demolition became unthinkable to the French population.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (62,33 kB)

"So, Watson," said he, suddenly, "you do not propose to invest in South African securities?" I gave a start of astonishment. Accustomed as I was to Holmes's curious faculties, this sudden intrusion into my most intimate thoughts was utterly inexplicable. "How on earth do you know that?" I asked. He wheeled round upon his stool, with a steaming test-tube in his hand, and a gleam of amusement in his deep-set eyes. "Now, Watson, confess yourself utterly taken aback," said he. "I am." "I ought to make you sign a paper to that effect." "Why?" "Because in five minutes you will say that it is all so absurdly simple." "I am sure that I shall say nothing of the kind." "You see, my dear Watson"- he propped his test-tube in the rack, and began to lecture with the air of a professor addressing his class- "it is not really difficult to construct a series of inferences, each dependent upon its predecessor and each simple in itself. If, after doing so, one simply knocks out all the central inferences and presents one's audience with the starting-point and the conclusion, one may produce a startling, though possibly a meretricious, effect. Now, it was not really difficult, by an inspection of the groove between your left forefinger and thumb, to feel sure that you did not propose to invest your small capital in the gold fields."

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (35,19 kB)

"Come, Watson, come!" he cried. "The game is afoot. Not a word! Into your clothes and come!" Ten minutes later we were both in a cab, and rattling through the silent streets on our way to Charing Cross Station. The first faint winter's dawn was beginning to appear, and we could dimly see the occasional figure of an early workman as he passed us, blurred and indistinct in the opalescent London reek. Holmes nestled in silence into his heavy coat, and I was glad to do the same, for the air was most bitter, and neither of us had broken our fast.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (33,53 kB)

So unworldly was he- or so capricious- that he frequently refused his help to the powerful and wealthy where the problem made no appeal to his sympathies, while he would devote weeks of most intense application to the affairs of some humble client whose case presented those strange and dramatic qualities which appealed to his imagination and challenged his ingenuity. In this memorable year '95, a curious and incongruous succession of cases had engaged his attention, ranging from his famous investigation of the sudden death of Cardinal Tosca- an inquiry which was carried out by him at the express desire of His Holiness the Pope- down to his arrest of Wilson, the notorious canary-trainer, which removed a plague-spot from the East End of London. Close on the heels of these two famous cases came the tragedy of Woodman's Lee, and the very obscure circumstances which surrounded the death of Captain Peter Carey. No record of the doings of Mr. Sherlock Holmes would be complete which did not include some account of this very unusual affair. During the first week of July, my friend had been absent so often and so long from our lodgings that I knew he had something on hand. The fact that several rough-looking men called during that time and inquired for Captain Basil made me understand that Holmes was working somewhere under one of the numerous disguises and names with which he concealed his own formidable identity. He had at least five small refuges in different parts of London, in which he was able to change his personality. He said nothing of his business to me, and it was not my habit to force a confidence. The first positive sign which he gave me of the direction which his investigation was taking was an extraordinary one. He had gone out before breakfast, and I had sat down to mine when he strode into the room, his hat upon his head and a huge barbed-headed spear tucked like an umbrella under his arm. "Good gracious, Holmes!" I cried. "You don't mean to say that you have been walking about London with that thing?" "I drove to the butcher's and back." "The butcher's?" "And I return with an excellent appetite. There can be no question, my dear Watson, of the value of exercise before breakfast. But I am prepared to bet that you will not guess the form that my exercise has taken." "I will not attempt it." He chuckled as he poured out the coffee. "If you could have looked into Allardyce's back shop, you would have seen a dead pig swung from a hook in the ceiling, and a gentleman in his shirt sleeves furiously stabbing at it with this weapon. I was that energetic person, and I have satisfied myself that by no exertion of my strength can I transfix the pig with a single blow. Perhaps you would care to try?" "Not for worlds. But why were you doing this?" "Because it seemed to me to have an indirect bearing upon the mystery of Woodman's Lee. Ah, Hopkins, I got your wire last night, and I have been expecting you. Come and join us." Our visitor was an exceedingly alert man, thirty years of age, dressed in a quiet tweed suit, but retaining the erect bearing of one who was accustomed to official uniform. I recognized him at once as Stanley Hopkins, a young police inspector, for whose future Holmes had high hopes, while he in turn professed the admiration and respect of a pupil for the scientific methods of the famous amateur. Hopkins's brow was clouded, and he sat down with an air of deep dejection.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (30,83 kB)

Sports provide the necessary exercises we need for our physical and mental health. It enables us to have fun while contributing growth of our body by means of physical exercises. The most I like about sports is that it is fun. I enjoy spending my time with friends during sport activities, especially while playing volleyball and basketball. It stipulates the team spirit and synergy, the power of doing something collectively. Off course winning is a huge part of the fun as well.  Besides watching sports is an enjoyable leisure time activity also. I specifically like watching tennis and athletics. It is also fun to watch it with friends. On the other hand, sports may sometimes require much effort than I can afford which would be exhausting and it sometimes causes unnecessary tension and conflict among friends during the game. They may cause injuries and accidents under un-careful circumstances. One other thing is that sports have an addictive side. It is often hard to compensate my time between sports and lessons. Still sports are a big part of my life that I can’t give up.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (2,95 kB)

In 1919 the Russian army was driven from most of Lithuania. A peace treaty was signed, and Russia recognized Lithuania’s sovereignty over Vilnius. But Poland, which had been seeking to recover territory lost during the 18th century, seized the city, after which Kaunas became the capital of Lithuania. From 1920 Lithuania was independent until, as a result of the 1939 pact between the Nazis and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), it was invaded by Soviet forces. During World War II, the USSR lost possession of Lithuania for a short time, but by 1944 it had re-established firm control. Thousands of armed partisan fighters, known as the “Forest Brothers”, continued their fight for national sovereignty, but during Stalin’s regime Lithuania suffered repression and mass deportations. Relations were less confrontational after the 1950s, but Lithuanians never gave up their goal of independence. In 1990 the country was one of the first republics to declare independence from the USSR, which was by then too unstable to force Lithuania back into the Union. Many countries quickly recognized Lithuania’s sovereignty, as did Russia and other former Soviet republics after the break-up of the USSR in 1991. The Lithuanian government, led by members of a political coalition called Saj?dis, embarked on a radical programme to reform the economy and other social structures, but progress was slow and painful. In national elections held in 1992, voters rejected the Saj?dis leadership in favour of former Communists, who had formed a new political party advocating slower reform and closer ties with neighbouring countries, especially Russia. The new government pledged to remain committed to democracy, but slowed privatization and other reform measures to soften the impact of political and social change. In August 1993 all remaining Russian troops withdrew from Lithuania, leaving the people free to concentrate on building a stable and prosperous country. Economy There was rapid industrialization after World War II, and by 1991 industry accounted for 43 per cent of Lithuania’s gross domestic product (GDP), and agriculture for about 28 per cent. The country makes precision machinery and spare parts, processed foods, and light industrial products. The main exports are machinery and parts, meat and dairy products, and consumer goods. Lithuania has very few natural resources, so the country depends heavily on imported raw materials. Imports include oil and gas, chemicals, metals, and equipment. Output declined after independence, because traditional supply arrangements were interrupted, but Lithuania is seeking ties with Western governments and neighbouring countries to increase revenue, foreign investment, and productivity. After independence, the Sajūdis government introduced a radical reform programme involving privatization and price liberalization. As in all former Communist countries that are moving towards a market economy, the initial results were rising inflation and falling living standards. By 1994, however, there were signs of recovery. The national currency is the litas.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (22,56 kB)

Hormonal control At puberty – roughly ages 11 to 14 – hormone changes produce the bodily changes that serve to distinguish males from females. The general idea is that endocrine glands manufacture hormones (chemical messengers), which travel through the bloodstream to target organs. The basic scheme is simple: by way of hormones, the hypothalamus directs the pituitary, which in turn directs the gonads – the ovaries and the testes. The hormones produced by the gonads – estrogen, progesterone, and androgen – are called sex hormones. These hormones are responsible for the body changes at puberty. In girls, estrogen causes the development of breasts, the changes in the distribution of body fat that results in a more feminine form, and the maturation of the female genitals. In boys, testosterone (a kind of androgen) is responsible for the sudden growth of facial, underarm, and pubic hair; it also causes a deepening of the voice, the development of muscles that lead to a more masculine form, and the growth of the external genitals. In other species, sexual arousal is closely tied to variations in hormonal levels; in humans, however, hormones play less of a role. Neural Control In humans, some of the neural mechanisms involved are at the level of spinal cord. But the organ most responsible for the regulation of sexual arousal and behavior is the brain. Early Experiences Experience has little influence on the mating behavior of lower mammals – inexperienced rats will copulate as efficiently as experienced ones – but it is a major determinant of the sexual behavior of higher mammals. Monkeys raised in partial isolation (in separate wire cages, where they can see other monkeys but cannot have contact with them) are usually unable to copulate at maturity. These monkeys have social or affectional problems: even in nonsexual situations, they are unable to relate to other monkeys. Apparently, normal heterosexual behavior in primates depends also on an affectional bond between two members of the opposite sex. Clinical observations of human infants suggest certain parallels. They develop their first feelings of trust and affection through a loving relationship with the mother. This basic trust is a prerequisite for satisfactory interactions with peers. And affectionate relationship with other youngsters of both sexes lay the groundwork for the intimacy required for the intimacy for sexual relationships among adults. Cultural Influences Unlike that of other primates, human sexual behavior is strongly determined by culture. Every society places some restrictions on sexual behavior. Incest (sexual relations within the family), for example, is prohibited by almost all cultures. Sexual activity among children, homosexuality, masturbation, premarital sex – are permitted in varying degrees by different societies. Although western society is becoming increasingly permissive about premarital sex, men and women still differ in their attitudes toward sex (the majority of women need emotional involvement). Homosexuality Someone is considered homosexual if they are sexually attracted primarily to members of the same sex. Sexual interactions with members of the same sex are not uncommon during childhood, but only a small percentage of people become exclusively homosexual as adults. Extensive interviews with homosexuals suggest that they do not differ from heterosexuals with regard to their identifications with parents of the opposite sex, or with regard to the nature of their first sexual encounter. For exclusive homosexuals, there may be a biological predisposition (hypothesis that homosexuals and heterosexuals may differ with respect to the hormones they were exposed to while still in the womb). EARLY SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT One needs to develop an appropriate gender identity - males need to think of themselves as males, and females as females. This development is quite complex and begins in the womb. Prenatal hormones For the first couple of months after conception, both sexes are identical in appearance. Between 2 and 3 months, a primitive gonad develops into testes (if XY) or into ovaries (if XX). They start producing sex hormones, which then control the development of internal reproduction structures and the external genitals. The critical hormone in genital development is androgen. If enough androgen is produced, the newborn will have male genitals; if there is insufficient androgen, the newborn will have female genitals, even if it is genetically male. After the genitals, androgen begins to masculinize the brain. Hormones versus Environment In cases in which hormonal imbalances result in hermaphrodites (individuals born with both male and female tissue), the assigned label and the sex role in which the individual is raised seem to have greater influence on gender identity than do the individual’s genes and hormones.

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It has been estimated that something like 17 million Americans try to "quitt smoking" each year and only about 8% succeed! Statistical analysis has shown that the success rate is much higher if the doctor was involved in counseling and helping a person to quit. I'm not sure if any studies have been done to see if a pharmacist's encouragement to quit produces similar results, but I am going to urge you to prepare yourself to "kick" the habit. Let me remind you why it is so important. Smoking can either directly cause or be a major risk factor in bringing about the following: Cancers of the lung, liver, pancreas, bladder, brain, breast, and cervix. Chronic obstructive lung disease, asthma, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Hypertension, coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysm, and stroke. Retardation of fetal growth, congenital malformations, premature births, spontaneous abortions, and sudden infant death syndrome. Peptic ulcers, osteoporosis, and premature aging. Even breathing the air in a smoke filled room is associated with higher risks of some of these conditions! If you quit, do the risks return to the same level as nonsmokers? Yes, in many cases they do. Nicotine is only one of the toxins in cigarette smoke. Other toxic chemicals include carbon monoxide, ammonia, and nitrosamines. Smoking is considered a true addiction by the US Surgeon General. So, it is not easy to quit and although relapse is common, it should be viewed as part of the process. Most people are successful only after several attempts. The use of patches which release nicotine into the body are often very helpful. But, programs which include counseling and behavior modification have the highest rates of lasting abstinence. You can be of service to your friends and family by helping them to confront the issue of what smoking does to their health and to those around them. Encourage them to seek professional counsel on a smoking cessation program that fits their needs. Then stick with them as encouragement from friends and family can greatly enhance their chances for success. Remember, this pharmacist is ready and willing to help. Kicking the habit promotes "Good Health."... lighten up... it will be good for your “good health.”

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,19 kB)

INSOMNIA The term insomnia is used in reference to complaints about a symptom, namely, dissatisfaction with the amount or quality of one’s sleep. Whether or not a person has insomnia is almost always a subjective decision. A difficult feature of insomnia is that people seem to overestimate their sleep loss. One study that monitored the sleep of people who identified themselves as insomniacs found that only about half of them were actually awake as much as 30 minutes during the night. The problem may be that light or restless sleep sometimes fells like wakefulness or that some people remember only time spent awake and think they have not slept because they have no memory of doing so. NARCOLEPSY AND APNEA Two relatively rare but severe sleep disorders are narcolepsy and apnea. A person with narcolepsy may fall asleep while writing a letter, driving a car, or carrying on a conversation. Individuals with this dysfunction have recurring, irresistible attacks of drowsiness (apsnūdimas). These episodes can occur several times a day in severe cases, and last from a few second to 15-30 minutes. Essentially, narcolepsy is the intrusion (įsibrovimas) of REM episodes into daytime hours. During attacks victims go quickly into a REM state, so rapidly in fact that they may lose muscle control and collapse (smarkiai nusilpti) before they can lie down, they may report experiencing hallucinations. Narcolepsy runs in families, and there is evidence that a specific gene or combination of genes confers susceptibility (teikia jautruma) to the disorder. In sleep apnea the individual stops breathing while asleep. There are two reasons for apnea attacks. One reason is that the brain fails to send a “breathe” signal to the diaphragm and other breathing muscles, thus causing breathing to stop. The other reason is that muscles art the top of the throat become too relaxed, allowing the windpipe (gerklė, trachėja) to partially close, thereby forcing the breathing muscles to pull harder on incoming air, which causes the airway to completely collapse. During an apnea, the oxygen level of the blood drops dramatically, leading to the secretion of emergency hormones. This reaction causes the sleeper to awaken in order to begin breathing again. Most people have a few apneas a night, but people with severe sleep problems may have several hundred apneas per night. With each apnea they wake up in order to resume breathing, but these arousals are so brief they are generally unaware of doing so. The result is that those who suffer from apnea can spend 12 or more hours in bed each night and still be so sleepy the next day that they cannot function and will fall asleep even in the middle of a conversation. Sleep apnea is common among older men. Not waking up is probably one of the main reasons people die in their sleep. SLEEP DEPRIVATION (miego atėmimas, netekimas) . The need for sleep seems so important that we might expect being deprived of sleep for several nights to have serious consequences. Numerous studies have shown, however, that the only consistent effects of sleep deprivation are drowsiness, a desire to sleep, and a tendency to fall asleep easily. Subjects kept awake for 50 hours or more show nothing more noticeable than transient inattentions, confusions, or misperceptions. Even sleepless periods exceeding four days produce little in the way of severely disturbed behavior. In one study in which a subject was kept awake for 11 days and nights, there were no unusually deviant responses. Intellectual activities such as answering short test questions seem unaffected by several nights of sleep deprivation. ADVICE FOR A GOOD NIGHT’S SLEEP. • Establish a regular schedule of going to bed and getting up • Stay away form caffeinated drinks like coffee or cola for several hours before bedtime. Drink milk. • Don’t eat heavily before going to bed • Regular exercise will help you sleep better • Relax before bedtime, avoid stressful thoughts

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,81 kB)

SM is a intermediary (tarpininkas) storage between SeM and LM. One of its functions is in some way to process information and transmit it for further processing and storage. For this first of all is used encoding. Acoustic encoding is very common in SM and for a long time psychologists thought that was the only method of encoding. Evidence of its importance is documented by that show, for example, the letters T and C are more likely to be confused in SM than C and O, even when they are presented visually.Such results suggest that subjects are recoding the visual symbols to acoustic representations, thus explaining why the similar-sounding C and T are more easily confuced than the different-sounding C and O. There is ample evidence of visual and especially semantic encoding in SM as well. One of the most important aspects of SM is its limited capacity. It is 7 ± 2 elements for a wide variety of materials. There is a tremenduous amount of variation of what can be put into each of those seven bits. For example, we can hold seven numbers in our SM, but also7 words, 7 pictures, or sometimes even 7 sentences. In fact, the bits may be made considerably larger through the processes of chunking, by which we combine pieces of information together to allow them to take up less space in working memory. Another important process that occurs in SM is rehearsal, the temporary activation or recycling or information through memory. Rehearsal may be maintenance (holds information in SM long enough for it to be acted upon in some way) or elaborative (nuodugnus) rehearsal (helps transfer information to LM). Elaborative rehearsal relates information to other concepts already in LM and and develops new asociations between these concepts. The explanations offered for forgetting from SM generally cluster around two general phenomena. On the one hand forgetting is said to occur due to decay of the memory trace over time. The other class of explanations uses the consept of interference. Material is forgotten because other material that is similar is some way interferes by replacing or distorting it. Interference may be retroactive, which means it occurs after original leaning. And proactive, when interfering material comes first and hinder the learning of something else later. We use SM when we are thinking about something at the moment, solving problems (in this case information is retrieved from LM to SM). SM plays a role in understanding language. Findings suggest that we have a special memory system for processing language. A patient who has a defective memory span but normal language understanding has an impaired SM but an intact language memory. The special memory for language seems limited to relatively simple sentences. Once sentences become complex SM is brought in for help. When it come sto higher-level language processes like following a conversation or reading a text, SM appears to play a crucial role. When reading for understanding, often we must consciously relate new sentences to some prior material in the text.

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There is lot of risky things, about which we do not know anything. And of course, we do not worry about it to much. We do not care, that loud noise has influence to color-blindness. We do not know how many harmful material we inhale with polluted air. We do not know what kind of chemical material was used to make ice-cream, which we eat, look so nice. At last, are you sure, that you know all diseases, which threaten to you? We run the risk, this way. Second group of risky things would be risk, about which we know and which we ignore. I am sure, that everybody knows about tabacco and lungs cancer. I am not sure, that everybody cares. It is maybe because these dangerous things, like smoking, crossing street not in pedestrian crossing, eating lot of junk food are quite invisible. If we could see how Tobacco damages our lungs in real-time through microscope - we won’t smoke. If we could see man, who dies in car accident near by us - we won’t cross street not in pedestrian crossing anymore. What can you say about junk food and heart diseases? Sure, they are related. But until you can not see this relationship with the naked eye - you’ll keep eating junk fund and run a risk to die. Third, and of course, most interesting group of dangerous things and actions - things, which we are worried about. We notice them. We are afraid of them. We thing, that we will decrease the level of risk by avoiding them. We discuss about them: what is less risky - plane, car or ship? We thing, that right decision will help us to save our lifes or make them longer. I am sure, that right decision about decreasing level of risk would be very simple. Less thinking about it. Do not make silly things, just less worry about safety, which is related with cars, ships, planes, youth wars in the streets, guns, chemical stuff in air, neutral power stations, falling asteroids, etc. Enjoy life. That’s best decision.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (108,7 kB)