• Good things come in small packages. Here's a trick for staying satisfied without consuming large portions: Chop high-calorie foods like cheese and chocolate into smaller pieces. It will seem like you're getting more than you actually are. • Don't give up dips. If you love creamy dips and sauces, don't cut them out of your diet completely. Just use low-fat sour cream and mayo instead of the full-fat stuff. • Get water-wise. Make a habit of reaching for a glass of water instead of a high-calorie snack. It will help your overall health as well as your waistline. Add some zest with a twist of lemon or lime. • Herb it up. Stock up your spice rack, and start growing a small herb garden in your kitchen window. Spices and herbs add fantastic flavor to foods without adding fat or calories. • Slim down your soup. Make a big batch of soup and refrigerate it before you eat it. As it cools, the fat will rise to the top. Skim it off the surface for reduced fat content. • Doggie-bag that dinner. At restaurants, ask the server to put half your entrée in a doggie bag before bringing it to your table. Putting the food away before you start your meal will help you practice portion control. • Listen to your cravings. If you're craving something sweet, eat something sweet - just opt for a healthier nosh, like fruit, instead of a high-calorie one. The same goes for crunchy cravings - for example, try air-popped popcorn with soy sauce instead of high-fat tortilla chips. It's just smart substitution! • Ease your way into produce. If you're new to eating lots of fruits and veggies, start slowly. Just add them to the foods you already enjoy. Pile veggies on top of your sandwiches, or add fruit to your cereal. • Look for high-fat hints. Want an easy way to identify high-calorie entrees? Keep an eye out for these words: au gratin, parmigiana, tempura, alfredo, creamy and carbonara, and enjoy them in moderation. • Don't multitask while you eat. If you're working, reading or watching TV while you eat, you won't be paying attention to what's going into your mouth - and you won't be enjoying every bite. Every time you sit down for a meal, sit down. Chew slowly and pay attention to flavors and textures. You'll enjoy your food more and eat less. • Taste something new. Broaden your food repertoire - you may find you like more healthy foods than you knew. Try a new fruit or vegetable (ever had jicama, plantain, bok choy, starfruit or papaya?). • Leave something on your plate at every meal. One bite of bagel, half your sandwich, the bun from your burger. See if you feel satisfied eating just a bit less. • Get to know your portion sizes. It's easy to underestimate how much you're eating. Don't just estimate things - make sure. Ask how much is in a serving, read the fine print on labels, measure your food. And learn portion equivalents: One serving of pasta, for instance, should be around the size of a tennis ball. • Make a healthy substitution. Learn to swap healthier foods for their less-healthful counterparts. Find a substitution that works for you: Use skim milk instead of whole milk; make up a batch of brownie mix with applesauce instead of oil; try a whole-grain bread instead of white. • Bring lunch to work. Packing lunch will help you control your portion sizes. It also provides a good alternative to restaurants and fast-food joints, where making healthy choices every day can be challenging (not to mention expensive). • Have some dessert. You don't have to deny yourself all the time. Have a treat that brings you pleasure, but this time enjoy it guilt-free - be sure you're practicing portion control, and compensate for your indulgence by exercising a little more or by skipping your afternoon snack. • Ask for what you need. Tell your mother-in-law you don't want seconds. Ask your sweetie to stop bringing you chocolates. Speak up for the salad bar when your coworkers are picking a restaurant for lunch. Whatever you need to do to succeed at weight loss, ask for it. Make yourself a priority and assert yourself.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (5,97 kB)

'I never saw a dog with a highfalutin' name that ever was worth a rap,' he said, as he concluded his task and shoved her aside. 'They just fade away and die under the responsibility. Did ye ever see one go wrong with a sensible name like Cassiar, Siwash, or Husky? No, sir! Take a look at Shookum here, he's Snap! The lean brute flashed up, the white teeth just missing Mason's throat. 'Ye will, will ye?' A shrewd clout behind the ear with the butt of the dog whip stretched the animal in the snow, quivering softly, a yellow slaver dripping from its fangs. 'As I was saying, just look at Shookum here- he's got the spirit. Bet ye he eats Carmen before the week's out.' 'I'll bank another proposition against that,' replied Malemute Kid, reversing the frozen bread placed before the fire to thaw. 'We'll eat Shookum before the trip is over. What d'ye say, Ruth?' The Indian woman settled the coffee with a piece of ice, glanced from Malemute Kid to her husband, then at the dogs, but vouchsafed no reply. It was such a palpable truism that none was necessary. Two hundred miles of unbroken trail in prospect, with a scant six days' grub for themselves and none for the dogs, could admit no other alternative. The two men and the woman grouped about the fire and began their meager meal. The dogs lay in their harnesses for it was a midday halt, and watched each mouthful enviously. 'No more lunches after today,' said Malemute Kid. 'And we've got to keep a close eye on the dogs- they're getting vicious. They'd just as soon pull a fellow down as not, if they get a chance.' 'And I was president of an Epworth once, and taught in the Sunday school.' Having irrelevantly delivered himself of this, Mason fell into a dreamy contemplation of his steaming moccasins, but was aroused by Ruth filling his cup. 'Thank God, we've got slathers of tea! I've seen it growing, down in Tennessee. What wouldn't I give for a hot corn pone just now! Never mind, Ruth; you won't starve much longer, nor wear moccasins either.' The woman threw off her gloom at this, and in her eyes welled up a great love for her white lord- the first white man she had ever seen- the first man whom she had known to treat a woman as something better than a mere animal or beast of burden. 'Yes, Ruth,' continued her husband, having recourse to the macaronic jargon in which it was alone possible for them to understand each other; 'wait till we clean up and pull for the Outside. We'll take the White Man's canoe and go to the Salt Water. Yes, bad water, rough water- great mountains dance up and down all the time. And so big, so far, so far away- you travel ten sleep, twenty sleep, forty sleep'- he graphically enumerated the days on his fingers- 'all the time water, bad water. Then you come to great village, plenty people, just the same mosquitoes next summer. Wigwams oh, so high- ten, twenty pines. Hi-yu skookum!'

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (140,32 kB)

There are a lot of differences between families with one child and bigger families with two, three and more children. Nowadays more families have only one child. It is because of many reasons. First of all - the career. Women are able to have a good job and they do not want to let someone take up their working places. Even after that, they cannot find a job. Another disadvantage is big expenses. Many families cannot maintain their sons and daughters. Family relations are one of actual themes in today’s world. The only child gets all the attention from his/her parents; parents do not have to divide their senses. Because of that, children, who grow in a family like this, are spoilt. In fact, when a person has to share something with others, with sisters and brothers, they are much less kind and friendly. Brothers and sisters usually are the best friends. They trust and understand each other. The only child can talk about everything just with his/her friends or parents. For some kind of children, it is difficult to tell parents their problems and friends are not reliable at times. That is why it is better to have someone who thinks like you. Maybe it is difficult to maintain a big family, but sometimes it can be better for it all.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (2,88 kB)

Now we are talking about such things like Internet, computerized information systems, information databases. These things are closely connected to our life and we couldn’t imagine living without them. Not only couldn’t a person live without these new technologies. Now everything – banks, airports, governmental system, telephony, etc. are based on latest technologies. Why is it all so necessary? It is only because a man needs to know more and reach more than he has and knows now. Scientists search for other life in space and they use latest technology – everything is computerized. Now we can see the progress of congnitivistics – computer intellect. Maybe after 10 or more years we will have thinking computerized systems, which will ease our life even more. This information revolution affects all the people. 10 years ago there were only 4-5% working people, who worked with information. Now this percent exceeds to 70% and it’s growing fast. And so we are talking about information society. For Lithuanian people it is very hard to overcome our old beliefs, when we lived in Soviet Union. Of course it will take some time, but it will be only useful. Information becomes a strategically important element in everyday life and in every organization that wants to be successful. We must go together with technology because this is the only way to achieve more. Technology is developing and every tomorrow can be very surprising for us. Technology progress never stops. But we must also remember that technology can be also dangerous and bring as much harm as good. It is good that we have lasers and other related technology when they are used to cure people and for good purposes. But when this technology turns back to us with very unfriendly intentions then it can be too late. So we must be aware of this and maybe this is the only disadvantage of technology progress.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,39 kB)

Sports provide the necessary exercises we need for our physical and mental health. It enables us to have fun while contributing growth of our body by means of physical exercises. The most I like about sports is that it is fun. I enjoy spending my time with friends during sport activities, especially while playing volleyball and basketball. It stipulates the team spirit and synergy, the power of doing something collectively. Off course winning is a huge part of the fun as well.  Besides watching sports is an enjoyable leisure time activity also. I specifically like watching tennis and athletics. It is also fun to watch it with friends. On the other hand, sports may sometimes require much effort than I can afford which would be exhausting and it sometimes causes unnecessary tension and conflict among friends during the game. They may cause injuries and accidents under un-careful circumstances. One other thing is that sports have an addictive side. It is often hard to compensate my time between sports and lessons. Still sports are a big part of my life that I can’t give up.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (2,95 kB)

Environmental conditions shape behavior through learning; a person’s behavior, in turn, shapes the environment. Persons and situations influence each other reciprocally (abipusishkai). To predict behavior, we need to know how the characteristics of the individual interact with the characteristics of the situation. The S.C. approach is the contemporary descendent of behaviorism and its outgrowth, stimulus-response psychology, which were dominant in the first half of this century. Like the psychoanalytic approach, the S.C. approach to personality is very deterministic. In contrast to the psychoanalytic approach, however, it pays very little attention to biological determinants. Like its parent, behaviorism, the social learning approach has been strongly influenced by the ideas of Darwin. The processes of learning shape the individual’s behavioral repertoire to be adaptive to his or her environment. Through its emphasis on specifying the environmental variables that evoke specific behaviors, S.C. theory has made a major contribution to both clinical psychology and personality theory. It has led us to see human actions as reactions to specific environments, and it has helped us to focus on the way in which environments control our behavior and how they can be changed to modify behavior. The careful application of learning principles has proved successful in changing maladaptive behavior. S.C. theorists have also challenged the notion that individuals are cross-situanionally consistent, forcing other personality theorists to reexamine the fundamental assumptions of their approaches. S.C. theorists have been criticized for overemphasizing the importance of situational influences on behavior and thus losing the person in personality psychology. Many personality theorists are unwilling to concede that personality has as little cross-situational consistency as social learning implies.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,24 kB)

Smoking is very harmful not only for smokers but also for those who are near the smokers. This addiction causes heart ant pulmonary diseases, cancer and a lot of other horrifying diseases. The worse thing is that smoking causes psychological dependence. Therefore should smoking be banned or allowed in public places? There are two different opinions in our society, to ban smoking in public places or not. Firstly people are convinced that smoking in public places is appreciable as a society health problem. They think that smoking should be banned, because smoke harms all of us. On the other hand we ought to respect smoker’s interests and alternatives. Everyone is responsible for their self health. However these people who smoke are dependent on smoking, so in future they can try to use other drugs. The more people become addicts the worse our society will be. Though, to stop smoking requires a lot of amenities so for some smokers this can be too hard to do it. Adding up smokers can unwind and relax just when they are smoking. Such is their lifestyle. 180 So this question has two different sides. Although smoking is very harmful not only for smokers but for all of us who are near smokers, smokers alternative should be respected.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (2,8 kB)

It has been estimated that something like 17 million Americans try to "quitt smoking" each year and only about 8% succeed! Statistical analysis has shown that the success rate is much higher if the doctor was involved in counseling and helping a person to quit. I'm not sure if any studies have been done to see if a pharmacist's encouragement to quit produces similar results, but I am going to urge you to prepare yourself to "kick" the habit. Let me remind you why it is so important. Smoking can either directly cause or be a major risk factor in bringing about the following: Cancers of the lung, liver, pancreas, bladder, brain, breast, and cervix. Chronic obstructive lung disease, asthma, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Hypertension, coronary artery disease, aortic aneurysm, and stroke. Retardation of fetal growth, congenital malformations, premature births, spontaneous abortions, and sudden infant death syndrome. Peptic ulcers, osteoporosis, and premature aging. Even breathing the air in a smoke filled room is associated with higher risks of some of these conditions! If you quit, do the risks return to the same level as nonsmokers? Yes, in many cases they do. Nicotine is only one of the toxins in cigarette smoke. Other toxic chemicals include carbon monoxide, ammonia, and nitrosamines. Smoking is considered a true addiction by the US Surgeon General. So, it is not easy to quit and although relapse is common, it should be viewed as part of the process. Most people are successful only after several attempts. The use of patches which release nicotine into the body are often very helpful. But, programs which include counseling and behavior modification have the highest rates of lasting abstinence. You can be of service to your friends and family by helping them to confront the issue of what smoking does to their health and to those around them. Encourage them to seek professional counsel on a smoking cessation program that fits their needs. Then stick with them as encouragement from friends and family can greatly enhance their chances for success. Remember, this pharmacist is ready and willing to help. Kicking the habit promotes "Good Health."... lighten up... it will be good for your “good health.”

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,19 kB)

Our school is famous for its past and for its director. I like my school because I got education here. Since the first class I attend this school. The school building is not very nice. We have a playing fields and a garden near our school. There are a lot of classrooms inside the school. Some years ago we had a special class for different subjects, but now we have our own classroom, and only for some subjects we have special classroom. Our school has a very good English room and a good chemistry, physics laboratory. Our classroom is my favourite, because I feel that all the things in the room are mine, and that I'm the master of this place. My favourite subject are physical training and chemistry though its very difficult for me but I like it. In our school we have also got woodwork and metalwork shops, a gymnasium, a nice school hall and a library. There are a lot of clubs in our school. I don't belong to any one. We have got good basketball and football teams at our school. I like basketball, because I like play this game myself. There are some very good musicians at our school. On Fridays we often had dance-parties at our school. I can't say that school life is very interesting but I am quite happy, I can attend this school. I like my class very much, because our class is very friendly, and very merry.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,94 kB)

By setting The Prince and the Pauper in Tudor England, Twain found a way to indulge the public’s then fashionable taste for the British monarchy, while at the same time expressing his aversion for that selfsame monarchy, which he called “surely the grotesque’s of all swindles ever invented by man” He had also discovered a means of exposing a host of modern injustices, as well. Writing this book Twain wanted to show social inequality in England. He made the most miserable and the noblest boys as principal personages, thus he tells of very different fate of two boys who had born the same day and the same town. M. Twain wanted to tell that prince and pauper can differ only by clothes, that all people born equal rights: rich and poor.

Anglų kalba  Analizės   (3,5 kB)

City & Town Overview London The capital of the United Kingdom can be divided into three distinct parts. The main commercial area is around The City, where Roman London was founded and where the medieval township grew up, dominated by the massive fortress of the Tower of London. Further west along the Thames lays Westminster, the centre of government and administration. The West End—running west from Covent Garden to Oxford Street—is the main shopping and entertainment area. Surrounding this core are districts such as Kensington, Chelsea, and Marylebone, that joined London in the 18th century, but retain a separate identity. London's attraction is its cosmopolitanism, rivaling that of New York. An imperial capital in the 19th century, it has become a vibrant world city that is home to a fascinating mix of peoples. Trafalgar Square One of the most famous Squares in the World - With Nelsons Column, the National Gallery and of course the pigeons. The Column itself is some 170 foot high, with the statue of Nelson himself being some 18 foot high. Though one would not think so viewing him from the ground. Admiral Nelson is buried in St Pauls Cathedral. landseer lions -... Named after the Naval Battle of 1805, Trafalgar Square was completed by the mid 1840's. Nelsons Column is surrounded by 4 bronze lions, on granite plinths, unveiled in 1868, sculpted by Sir Edwin Landseer, and cast by Marocchetti. At the time Landseer was better known for his animal paintings. Fountains and statues, including one of Charles I on horseback, dating from the 17th century adorn the Square. Yet more sculptures in the form of bronze relief's can be found at the base of the Column depicting scenes from four of Admiral Nelson's Battles. Bus-nelson.jpg On the North side of the Square is the National Gallery, housing masterpieces by Leonardo Da Vinci, Rebens. Alongside is the National Portrait Gallery. ... On the west side is Canada House, while in the North East corner is the Church of St Martins in the Fields.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (147,08 kB)

He knows more and more words, and he often says two words: “what`s that”, and ”why”. A child wants to know more about things around him, so these two words are the way to the knowledge. One language cannot give so much news, as few languages. More languages – more keys to open the door to the world. It`s not one door to the world, and language can open not one door. We can go to the world reading books. In this field language is very important. Not all books are adapted to the mother tongue. The news from the horse`s mouth are much better. Some people say, that a book is an old – fashioned thing, but we cannot forget this door to the world. Other way to the world is TV. Nobody can say, that it`s old – fashioned thing. Technologies develop faster and faster and our task is don`t fall to them. We can watch a lot of foreign programs, but it`s not necessary if we cannot understand foreign languages.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,31 kB)

He knows more and more words, and he often says two words: “what`s that”, and ”why”. A child wants to know more about things around him, so these two words are the way to the knowledge. One language cannot give so much news, as few languages. More languages – more keys to open the door to the world. It`s not one door to the world, and language can open not one door. We can go to the world reading books. In this field language is very important. Not all books are adapted to the mother tongue. The news from the horse`s mouth are much better. Some people say, that a book is an old – fashioned thing, but we cannot forget this door to the world. Other way to the world is TV. Nobody can say, that it`s old – fashioned thing. Technologies develop faster and faster and our task is don`t fall to them. We can watch a lot of foreign programs, but it`s not necessary if we cannot understand foreign languages.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,96 kB)

If I have a possibility to choose a job, which job I would like to work I would choose psychologist job, because of some reasons. First reason is that psychologist can help people to solve their problems. They are always near the people, they can communicate with them. This job is a glorious opportunity for those people who are very talkative, communicative and who like to give ear to somebody. Although, psychologist’s job is very amusing, because a lot of people tell theirs life’s stories. It is interesting because each people have different life’s experience and different adventure. Psychologist has to hear all of them out. Second reason why I would choose this job is this job’s serviceability. Psychologists fortify a person who needs support; they help to find real life purpose and purport of life. This opportunity to help people fascinates me. Furthermore this job is very beneficial for our society. Psychologist helps to addicts. They are the main force contending with drug addiction. This aspect of this job is really important. In my opinion if person needs to be psychologist he needs to be: patient-because he has to hear out all the problems; reasonable-because he has to help to solve the problems and well-meant for people. Psychologist anyhow can’t be hot-tempered, because person who appeals for help needs support. Also he can’t be impolite, impatient and arrogant. I admire this job for its possibility and availability to help other people, and for it’s particularity. Finally I can say that this job is my dreamy job and I strongly believe that if I have enough willingness and stubbornness I will become a psychologist.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (3,17 kB)

Drugs, alcohol and tobacco using circulate between pupils in Lithuania. The most common and the most observable pupils harmful habit is smoking. In Lithuania about 55% of pupils’ smokes in 5- 8 form. Moreover, from 38% until 77% smokes in the higher classes. On the average boys began to smoke in 6- 7 class, or girls in 8- 9 class. Tobacco smoke from a cigarette contains more than 5000 chemicals. Sixty of them are known to cause cancer. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug that acts as a stimulant, causing your heart rate and blood pressure to rice. As you smoke, tar coats your lungs and increases your risk of lung cancer. Smoking causes about nine out of ten cases of lung cancer. In addition, it causes approximately one- third of all heart disease and strokes. Drugs are the other harmful habit. Drugs is mostly using in discotheques, parties, nightclubs, recreational centers. About 2- 3% of pupils have tried or sporadically is using it. Pupils use drugs to relax or sedate the central nervous system. They can cause cyanosis. In addition, they can paralyze the portion of the brain that controls breathing, and thus cause death. Using of alcohol is very common: about 92- 95% pupils are taste it and about 10- 21% use it regularly. Alcohol is a drug, a chemical that changes the way the body works because of the chemical reactions in the brain, and its affects the way people think, feel speak and move. Alcohol is the number one drug abuse problem today. It is a direct cause of liver disease, stomach ulcers, pancreatitis, brain damage and other physical illnesses. K To sum up, these habits is very harmful fore everyone and especially for pupils. Therefore, if we want to prevent it firstly we should begin from ourselves and take attention what is happening around us.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (29,44 kB)

Happiness is an emotional or affective state that is characterized by feelings of enjoyment and satisfaction. States associated with happiness include well-being, delight, health, safety, contentment and love. Contrasting states include suffering, depression, grief, anxiety, and pain. Happiness is often associated with the presence of favorable circumstances such as a supportive family life and economic stability. However,There are several factors of being contented. A very important trait of happy people is their social involvement with others. Close relationships with supportive friends and family and an interest in caring and loving relationships are a priority in the pursuit of happiness. Moreover, happy people are good at setting long-term goals at work. They find work to be a positive experience because they put themselves into work situations where they feel challenged and engaged. The most important trait common to happy people is positive self-esteem. Such people like themselves and believe in themselves to be smarter, healthier and more sociable than the average person. They are also more optimistic, extroverted, and tend to have more realistic perspectives. They feel like they are in control of their lives. Also, research proves that people who are active in religious organizations are more contmented because they cope better with various life experiences and are less vulnerable. In conclusion, hapiness is anyone and anything that's loved by you. To look at it in a simple way, contentment is when reality is better than your dreams.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (1,33 kB)

It could last about two days without any brakes. In all times people liked the theatre , but only plays by great dramatist are worth seeing: they are meaningful, they make us think, they are universal. Thanks to them we get to know life and culture. Besides, they are really interesting and really good. Since time is limited, one ought to see only the best plays just as one ought to read only the best books. Now there are a lot of theatres in the world. In Vilnius one of the most famous is the Opera House. I like performances. One of my favourite plays is "The Nose" by Gogol. This play was made at the Youth theatre. It lasts about three hours and all that time people laugh. In that performance a lot of famous Lithuanian actors take part: Vilkelis, Bagdonas and others. Lithuania is not very rich in theatres. At present we have about ten. The Lithuanian theatre is in a very bad condition. The theatres have no money, all performances are old. They can't make new plays very often. There are about seven theatres in Vilnius. I like all kinds of performances, but my favourite is musical comedies. But this theatre is only in Kaunas and once a year they come to Vilnius to show the performances. I saw a few of them: "The Bat", "The Blood Of Vienna". I like theatre , but I don't want to be an actor, because I think that it is better to look at the play than to take part in it.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (0,89 kB)

Dear Sir/Madam I am writing to complain about your restaurant, which I visited on May 6th. Firstly the one of main problem was that food which I ordered was badly cooked, because steak was tough and chips were greasy. What is more your restaurant waiter which took my orders was very rude, and he even did not apologize me for spilling coffee on my jeans. I trust that you will give the matter serious consideration and that this will not be repeated. I am looking forward to hearing from you as soon as possible. Yours sincerely, Arnoldas Mauragas

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (2,59 kB)

Computer – it`s a machine for carrying out calculations and performing specified transformations on information, such as storing, sorting, correlating, retrieving and processing data. The main disadvantage of computers is that staring at a screen for long periods of time can be damaging to the eyes, and sitting on a chair for hours at a time is certainly not healthy. Secondly computers distract from social interactions such as conversation. Also, people can be inclined to become anti-social and stay at home and use their computer. Finally, the most persuasive argument against the use of computers is that the more jobs are done by computers the less are done by people. It isn`t very good for increasing people population. However, the advantages of computers are numerous, such as undeniable educational benefits, especially to children. School subjects become more interesting when presented on a computer screen. Moreover, computers can be fun with a seemingly endless variety of games which can be played on them. In addition, computers are valuable to any business, making life easier and saving time by being capable of storing and retrieving vast amounts of information at he touch of the button. I think computer has a lot of disadvantages and advantages. Yet, despite the health problems, risk to jobs and personal interaction, it seems that as long as the use of computers is regulated the benefits computers provide to education and businesses are invaluable. Computers make our life easier.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,6 kB)

Reasons for automation 1.high cost of labour in industrialized (and not only) societies skilled labor cost have been constantly increasing. 2.increased productivity Higher production output per hour of labour input is possible with automation than with manual operations. 3.competition The ultimate goal of a company is to increase profits. However, there are other measures that are harder to measure. Automation may result in lower prices, superior products, better labour relations, and a better company image. 5.safety Automation allows the employee to assume a supervisory role instead of being directly involved in the manufacturing task. For example, die-casting is hot and dangerous and the work pieces are often very heavy. Welding, spray painting and other operations can be a health hazard. Machines can also do these jobs more precisely and achieve better quality products. 6.reducing manufacturing lead time Automation allows the manufacturer to respond quickly to the consumer needs. Second, flexible automation also allows companies to handle frequent design modifications. Automation is also allowing organizations to move from the traditional “mass production model” to mass customisation. The traditional model of mass production involves hierarchical control. Workers repeat defined repetitious tasks under close supervision. Such a mass production model is best applied to low-cost, standardized products. Mass customisation is a model for low-cost, high-quality, customized products. It requires flexibility and quick responsiveness. People, resources ant technology are continuously reconfigured to give the customer exactly what he/she wants. The control is decentralized and managers coordinate independent, capable individuals. 7.lower costs In addition to cutting labour costs, automation may decrease the scrap rate and thus reduce the cost of raw materials. It also enables just in time manufacturing which in turn allows the manufacturer to reduce the in-process inventory. It is possible to improve the quality of the product at lower cost. Reasons for not automating 1.labour resistance People look at robots and manufacturing automation as a cause of unemployment. In reality, the use of robots increases productivity, makes the firm more competitive and preserves jobs. But some jobs are lost. On the other hand, the real cause of layoffs today is not automation or the migration of jobs because of cheap labour elsewhere. The top layoffs can be attributed mainly to competition, mergers, and government spending cuts. 2. Cost of upgraded labour the routine monotonous tasks are the easiest to automate. The tasks that are difficult to automate are ones that require skill. Thus manufacturing labour must be upgraded. 3. Initial investment cash flow considerations may make an investment in automation difficult even it the estimated rate of return is high. Higher output and increased productivity have been two of the biggest reasons in justifying the use of automation. …

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (4,08 kB)

Religios houses of retreas merge imperceptibly into disintoxication clinics and private mental homes for the victims of traffic light and nervous break-down. ‘Alcoholics Anonymous’ slink like house detectives around the literary cocktail parties. A most interesting phenomenon is the state of mind apparent in Time, Life, The New York, and similar magazines. Thus Life, with its enormous circulation, comes out with excellentry written leading articles on the death of tragedy in American literature or the meaning of suffering, and a closer acquaintance reveals them to be staffed by some of the most interesting and sensitive minds in that insensitivecity. It is easy to make fun of these three papers, but in fact they are not funny. Although they have very large circulations indeed, they only just miss being completely honourable and serious journals, in fact ‘highbrow’. The American organism is not quite healthy. It indicates how very nearly New York has achieved the ideal of a humanist society, where the best of which an artist is capable is desired by the greatest number. Thurber’s drawings, Hersey’s Hiroshima, the essays of Edmund Wilson or Mary McCarthy, Time’s anonymous reviews, show that occasionally the gap is closed; when it is closed permanenty the dreams of Santayana will be near fulfilment. But these anxiety-forming predicaments (Time-stomach is a common trouble) are for those who live in New York and have to earn they living. To the visiting non-competitive European all is unending delight. The shops, the bars, the women, the faces in the street, the excellent and innumerable restaurants, the glitter of Twenty-one, the old-world letharly of the Lafayette, the hazy view of the East River or Central Park over tea in some apartment at the magic hour when the concrete iceberg suddenly flare up; the impressionist pictures in one house, the exotic trees or bamboo furniture in another, the chick of ‘old-fashioneds’ with their little glass pestles. If Paris is the setting for a romance, New York is the perfect city in which to get over one, to get over anything. Here the lost douceur de vivre is forgotten and the intoxication of living takes its place. What is this intoxication? Firtly, health. The American diet is energy- producing. Health is not just the absence of disease, but a positive physical sensation. The European, his voice dropping a tone every day, finds himself growing stouter, balder, more extroverted and aggressive, conscious of a place in what is still, despite lip-service, a noisily masculine society. Then there is the sensation of belonging to a great nation in its present prosperous period of triumph. But, in addition to ‘feeling good,’ the Americans are actively generous and kind and it is this profusion of civilities which ravishes the visitor. What are the alternatives? We may stay on and coarsen–many English writers do-into shapely executives or Park Avenue brandy philosophrers; we can fight like Auden for privacy and isolation, or grow bitter and fitzrovian in the ‘Village atmosphere’-or we can try elsewhere. Cape Cod or Connecticut have their devotees, but these havens are the rewards of success, not its incubator. Boston, last stronghold of a leisured class, offers a select enlighternment of which a contemporary Englishman is just downright unworthy. Washington has immense charm, the streets of Georgetown with their ilexes and magnolias and little white box-house are like corners of Chelsea or Exeter, but a political nexus offers few resoyrces to the artist who is outside the administration, and the lovely surrounding, are not places in which he can hope to earn a living. Let us try California. The night place circles round La Guardia, leaves behind the icy water of the Sound and that sinister Stonehenge of economic man, the Rockefeller Center, to disappear over the Middle West. Vast rectangles of light occasionally indicate Chicago or some other well-planned city, till at six in the morning we ground in the snow of Omaha. As it grows light the snow-fields over the whole agricultural region of the Middle West grow more intricate, the Great Plais give way to the Bad Lands, poison ivy to poison oak, the sinuosities of the Platte rivers to the Hight Plais, the mountains of Wyoming, the Continental Divide. San Francisco is a city of charming people and hideous buildings, mostly erected after the earthquake in the style of 1910, with a large Chinatown in which everything is fake-except the the Chinese-with a tricky humid climate (though sunny in winter), and a maddening indecision in the vegetation-which can never decide if it belongs to the North or South and achieves a Bournemouth compromise. The site is fantastically beautiful, the orange bridge, the seven hills, the white houses, the waterside suburbs across the Golden Gate give it a lovely strangeness, the sunset view from the ‘Top of the Mark’ is unique-but the buildings lack all dignity and flavour. Yet San Francisco and its surroudings, Marin Country, Berkeley, Sauselito with its three climates, San Mateo where lemon and birch tree grow together, probably represent the most attractive all-the-year-round alternative to Europe which the worl can provide. There is some fog in winter, but generally it is sunny. The sea is there, the mountains and a bathing pool in the redwood forest. Hollywood and Los Angeles are well described by Isherwood. On the whole those who have loved the Mediterranean will not be reconciled here and those who care deeply for books can never settle down to the impermanent world of cinema. Those who do not love the cinema have no business to come. Well, maybe it does, perhaps Americans have destroyed their romantic wilderness on a grander scale than our own rodent attrition at the beauties of our countryside.

Anglų kalba  Referatai   (13,66 kB)

According to tradition, the Olympic Games began in 776 B.C. when Ifitos made a treaty with Lycourgos the king and famous legislator of Sparta and Cleisthenes the king of Pissa. The text of the treaty was written on a disc and kept in the Heraion.

Sportas  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (1 psl., 3,89 kB)

Rudyard Kipling, (1865-1936), English short-story writer, novelist and poet, remembered for his celebration of British imperialism and heroism in India and Burma. Kipling's glorification of the British Empire and racial prejudices, stated in his poem "The White Man's Burden" (1899), has repelled many readers. However he sounded a note of uncharacteristic humility and caution in "The Recessional" (1897).

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (1 psl., 4,14 kB)

The great Pyramid of the fourth dnasty King Khufu is the biggest Pyramid ever built and the highest monuement then known to man . The area it covers is vast enough to hold Europe’s Five biggest cathedrals. Millions of huge rocks were assembled by Kufre’s Faithful workmen to achieve this fabulous construction at the center of which, Khufu planned his inner chamber where his mummy was to lay for eternity .

Architektūra ir dizainas  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (1 psl., 3,41 kB)

What does it mean to recycle? Recycling is the return of material to a previous stage of a cyclic process, especially conversion of waste to reusable material. Glass, paper, and aluminium are materials which are successfully recycled from domestic waste. In contrast, plastics, which are an increasing component of waste, present many problems in recycling, associated with the difficulties in identifying and separating different types and a relatively low demand for the recycled material.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (1 psl., 2,85 kB)

Anglų kalbos kalbėjimo tema.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (1 psl., 3,59 kB)

Present Indefinite. Past Indefinite. Future Indefinite. Future Indefinite In the Past. Present Continuous. Past Continuous. Future Continuous. Future Continuous in the Past. Perfect Tenses Present Perfect. Past Perfect. Future Perfect. Perfect Continuous Tenses. Present Perfect Continuous. Past Perfect Continuous. Future Perfect Continuous. Future Perfect Continuous in the Past. Present Indefinite vartojamas su laiko aplinkybėmis always, often, usually, regulary, daily, etc. Pavyzdžiui: I usually get up at 7 o’clock. Nick always helps his friends.

Anglų kalba  Pagalbinė medžiaga   (5 psl., 9,25 kB)

I remember my days in the primary school. My first day, my first lesson in the school stacked in my memory very well. It was early morning of 1 September in 1988. My father saw me to my new school. I was terrified in that big building. I did not know anyone in my new school. I had no friends, because I had not ever been to the kindergarden. I remember very well, when I came to my first classroom. It was very big and full of toys, books and strangers. My father gave to me a pen and pencil and I sat into my first desk.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (1 psl., 3,2 kB)

Vilnius is the gateway to Lithuania and the Baltic States, being situated in an advantageous geographical location in Europe. The airport is within half an hour of the centre of the city. It has direct links with 18 cities and there is regular bus service to 7 countries. Vilnius is famous not only for its historical past, monuments, churches and green surroundings.

Anglų kalba  Referatai   (4,75 kB)

Now the computer is very important invention for us. The first electronic computer was invented in 1950. The first computer was very big and not very clever. Now the computer is very small and modern. We can carry modern computer in the little bag. With computer we can do a lot of things, for example: play, write, listen the music, watch TV, read news papers and magazines, paint, count and do other things.

Anglų kalba  Rašiniai   (1,24 kB)